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全国职称英语等级考试押题与答案解析_卫生类_B级 第一部分：词汇选项 (第115题，每题1分，共15分)下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的1At first glance, a forest appears to be a haphazard collection of trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers.A randomB totalC gradedD natural2Leaves are not distributed accidentally on a plant stem, but are arranged in a very precise way that assures them the maximum light.A dangerouslyB denselyC randomlyD linearly3 Medieval cities grew rapidly when they had harbors nearby.A merchantsB castlesC suburbsD ports4Because of harsh weather conditions, more than a dozen states in the United States were declared disaster areas in 1977.A severeB bizarreC moistD improbable5The best olive oil is obtained from olives that are harvested just after they ripen and before they turn black.A preservedB squeezedC gatheredD sorted6Youth hostels provide inexpensive lodging for young people throughout the United States and in other countries.A clothesB entertainmentC transportationD accommodations7South Carolinas mineral resources are abundant, but not all of them can be lucratively mined.A profitablyB safelyC easilyD extensively8When the United States stock market fell in 1929, many stockholders were forced to sell their shares at ludicrously low prices.A predictablyB relativelyC suspiciouslyD ridiculously9Frostbitten fingers and toes should be treated with lukewarm water.A frigidB tepidC boilingD steamy10Georgia OKeeffes best known paintings are those in which she magnified flowers or animal skulls to fill the picture.A enlargedB dissectedC duplicatedD glorified11Recent discoveries in Montana indicate that some dinosaurs may have resided in colonies.A livedB diedC huntedD fed12Over thirty cities around the world boast more than five million residents.A jobsB dwellingsC blocksD inhabitants13By 1900, many municipalities had begun to restrict the use of automobiles in order to ensure pedestrian safety.A testB limitC standardizeD prohibit14High wages and restrictive work practices are said to have created new nonunion competition.A inefficientB recognizedC limitingD dangerous15The most important result of the Lewis and Clark expedition was that it enabled the United States to claim the Oregon region.A regretB problemC outcomeD controversy第二部分：阅读判断 (第1622题，每题1分，共7分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请在答题卡上把A涂黑；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑；如果该句的信息在文章中没有提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑。Look after Your VoiceOften speakers at a meeting experience dry mouths and ask for a glass of water. You can solve the problem by activating the saliva in you mouth. First gently bite the edges of your tongue with your teeth. Or, press your entire tongue to the bottom of your mouth and hold it there until the saliva flow. Or you can imagine that you are slicing a big juicy lemon and sucking the juice.Before you begin your talk, be kind to your voice. Avoid milk or creamy drinks which coat your throat. Keep your throat wet by drinking a little sweetened warm tea or diluted fruit juice.If you sense that your are losing your voice, stop talking completely. Save your voice for your speech. You may feel foolish using paper to write notes, but the best thing you can do is to rest your voice. If you need to see a doctor, perhaps you can get some advice from a professional singer. In the meantime, do not even talk in a low voice.What about drinking alcohol to wet your throat? I advice you not to touch alcohol before speaking. The problem with alcohol is that one drink gives you a little confidence. The second drink gives you even more confidence. Finally you will feel allpowerful and you will feel you can do everything, but in fact your brain and your mouth do not work together properly .Save the alcohol until after you finish speaking. Perhaps you want to accept the advice, but you may wonder if you can ever change the habits of a lifetime. Of course you can. Goethe, who lived before indoor skating sinks or swimming pools, said, “We learn to skate in the summer and swim in the winter.”Take this message to heart and give yourself time to develop your new habits. If you are willing to change, you will soon be able to say that you will never forget these techniques because they became a part of your body.16To solve the problem of dry mouths, one is advised to take cool milk.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned17The first paragraph mentions three ways of activating the saliva in the mouth.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18The writer suggests that you go to see a doctor when you feel you are losing your voice.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19The writers advice about alcohol before you make a speech is to take one or two drinks so as to give yourself some confidence.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned20Due to the effect of alcohol, your thought and your mouth will not coordinate properly.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned21Goethe often did outdoor skating and swimming.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned22The writer cites Goethe to prove that one can change ones habits.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第三部分：概括大意与完成句子 (第2330题，每题1分，共8分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第2326题要求从所给的6个选项中为第25段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第2730题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。The Conquest of Distance1In 1848,pioneers who crossed the American continent in their wagons made the trip in 109 days. Today a New York family can drive by automobile to San Francisco in less than a week or make the trip in several days by train, or fly there in five hours. The transportation has conquered the vastness of the land and brought together people living thousands of kilometers apart.2Railroads played a major role in uniting the far reaches of the continent. In 1830 there were only 37 kilometers of railroad track in the United States. But by 1863,two companies proposed to connect the east and west coast by a railroad all the way across the continent. Advancing eastward from California, the Central Pacific pushed forward across the desert; the Union Pacific moved slowly westward over the mountain plateaus. Finally, in 1869,the tracks of the two railroads met, and the first transcontinental railroadthe first real link between east and westwas completed.3Although the railroads brought towns and cities together, they could not go everywhere. In many parts of America, distances are so great that automobiles are necessities, not luxuries. As we have noted, most American farmers do not live in villages but are sometimes kilometers from their nearest neighbor and even hundreds of kilometers from a town. Largescale farming is common in many parts of the United States today, but it did not become profitable until there were trucks and tractors. Trucks and cars go wherever there is a road and the more than six million kilometers of roads bring every field and barn into the circle of civilization.4The family automobile has helped to bring people of the United States two other thingstwo things which can seldom exist at the same time: community life and the privilege of privacy. In the early days of industrialization, factory workers lived close together, within walking distance of their jobs. As industries grew, more and more working class families lived together in crowded conditions. But with the construction of longer and better roads and with the greater availability of automobiles and other means of rapid transportation, it was no longer to live close to the factory. New residential areas, suburbs, grew up outside the big cities and, increasingly, industry and commerce concentrated in the cities. Every morning, millions of Americans dive their automobiles to work in the city ,sometimes a distance of around 100 kilometers. At night they drive home to houses and apartments outside the cities, surrounded by trees and lawns.5Automobiles and other methods of rapid transportation are also changing American industry. Instead of continuing to concentrate in the big cities, industry is building factories in previously undeveloped areas. Because the means of transportation are available, it is not hard to transport people as well as materials to the places where they are needed. This factor was largely responsible for the remarkable growth of the Pacific Coast during and after World War .As industries built new factories in the Far West, Americans from all over the country moved west to take advantage of new jobs and new opportunities.6The airplane, too, has played a major role in uniting Americans. Only 70 years after the Wright brothers made the first successful airplane flight, the United States had move than 277,000 kilometers of regular flight routes. People and goods can now travel to every part of the country in less time than ever before. Human beings have conquered the distances which lie between them.23Paragraph 2_ 24Paragraph 3_ 25Paragraph 4_ 26Paragraph 5_ A Automobiles promote farming.B Planes bring people even closer.C Railroads unite the whole country.D Building railroads is costly.E Transportation makes it possible for workers to move out of cities.F People can travel all over the world.27In the early days it took more than three months for people _.28Not until trucks and tractors came into wide use _.29While family automobiles have given people greater freedom to move about, they have at the same time deprived people _.30Faster than both trains and automobiles, planes have shortened the distance between people _.A of the opportunities to live more closely with othersB did largescale farming become possibleC was quickly popularizedD to an even greater degreeE to travel from the east of the country to the WestF was greatly improved第四部分：阅读理解 (第3145题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。第一篇Looking to the Future2040Do you forget to turn off the lights and heaters when you go out of a room? In 2040 it will not matter. They will turn themselves offand on again when you return. You will choose the temperature for each room, the lighting and the humidity. A sensor will detect the presence of a human ( and, with luck, ignore the dog! ) and turn the systems on, and when the humans leave it will turn them off again. The sensors will work through the central home computer, and they will do much more than just turn the fires and lights on and off for you. They will detect faulty electrical appliances, plugs or switches, isolate them so that they cannot harm anyone, and then warn you that they need repair. They will detect fire and if you are out of the house, the computer will call the fire brigade. It will also call the police should the sensors detect an intruder. This will not be difficult because the locks on the outside doors will be electronic. You will open them using your personal cardthe one you use for shoppingmaybe using a number known only to you.It will be impossible to lose the key, and a housebreaker will have to tamper (拨弄) with the lock or with a window. It is not very difficult to make such tampering send a signal to the computer.The computer will be more than a firemanpolicemanservant. It will be an entertainer, and most of your entertainment will come right into your home. It does now, of course, but by 2040 “entertainment” will mean much more. For one thing, you will be able to take part actively, rather than just watching31The author intends to tell us that _.A in 2040 we will live without the lights and heatersB In 2040 we will use much more lights and heatersC In 2040 there will be no switches of lights and heatersD In 2040 lights and heaters will be on and off automatically32Which of the following statements is NOT true? A The sensor is multifunctional.B Without a computer, the sensor cannot do much.C The sensor will detect fire and make an emergency call.D You can be taken for an intruder if you tamper with the lock or with a window.33According to the author, in 2040, new technology . _A will free us from the keys we use todayB will turn everything into sensorsC will make the locks out of dateD will eliminate all crimes34Thanks to computers, in 2040 people _ .A will have no entertainment outsideB will replace TV with computersC will be controlled by computersD will have more fun at home35The best title for the passage might be _.A Sensors and ComputersB Life at Home in the Year 2040C The Development of Science and TechnologyD Lights and Heaters in the Year 2040第二篇Preventing Child MaltreatmentChild maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially lowand middleincome countries, are lacking.Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 510% of men report being Sexually abused as children, while2550% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to1 emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse).Every year, there are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to3 falls, burns and drowning.Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have longterm consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioral, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioral and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.4Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longerterm health costs.It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.36The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT _ according to the passage.A child maltreatment is a global problemB there is no exact data about lowand midincome countriesC there is a shortage of the professional data collectorsD different scientists use different research methods37Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood.B 2550% of all children were reported to have been physically abused.C 2550% of children were psychologically abused.D 6075% of children were neglected by their parents.38Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT _ according to the passage.A drowning in swimmingB diarrheaC bumsD falls39 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment?A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up.B Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systems.C Child maltreatment damages his early brain development.D The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood.40The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT according to the passage.A they frequently and easily cryB they are in infants or in adolescent periodC they are often neglected by their parents or friendsD they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents第三篇Learning DisabilitiesLearning disabilities are very common. They affect perhaps 10 percent of all children. Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.Since about 1970, new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better. Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many different things. There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability. There is no outward sign of the disorder. So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.In one study, researchers examined the brain of a learningdisabled person who had died in an accident. They found two unusual things. One involved cells in the left side of the brain, which control language. These cells normally are white. In the learning disabled person, however, these cells were gray. The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been. The nerve cells were mixed together.The study was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind, an early expert on learning disabilities. Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally. Probably, he said, nerve cells there did not connect as they should. So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were crossed.Other researchers did not examine brain tissue. Instead, they measured the brains electrical activity and made a map of the electrical signals.Frank Duffy experimented with this technique at Childrens Hospital Medical Center in Boston. Doctor Duffy found large differences in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems. The differences appeared throughout the brain. Doctor Duffy said his research is evidence that disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain, not just the left side.41Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? A Learning disabilities may result from the unknown area of the brain.B Learning disabilities may result from damage to a wide area of the brain.C Learning disabilities may result from abnormal organization of the brain cells.D Learning disabilities may result from problems in the left side of the brain.42Scientists found that the brain cells of a learningdisabled person differ from those of a normal person in .A structure and functionB color and functionC size and arrangementD color and arrangement43All of the following statements are TRUE except that _ .A many factors account for learning disorderB a learningdisabled person shows no outward signsC reading disabilities are a common problem that affects 10 percent of the populationD the brain activity of learningdisabled children is different from that of normal children44Doctor Duffy believed that_ .A he found the exact cause of learning disabilitiesB the problem of learning disabilities did not lie in the left side of the brainC the problem of learning disabilities resulted from the left side of the
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