高考英语语法—There be句型

There be句型一、构成：There be是英语中常用句型， 意思是“有”，表示“人或事物的存在”。 其结构为There be(is，are，was, were )+名词+地点状语。There在此结构中是引导词，已经没有副词“那里”的含义。There be 后面的名词是句子的主语，属倒装结构。例如：There are fifty-two students in our class.There is a pencil in my pencil-case.There was an old house by the river five years ago.二、各种句式：1.否定句：There be句型否定句式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上“not”。也可用“no”来表示。即：no + n.（名词）= not aanany + n.（名词）。 注意：no + n.（可数名词单数）= not aan + n.（可数名词单数）； no + n.（可数名词复数）= not any + n.（可数名词复数）； no + n.（不可数名词）= not any + n.（不可数名词）。例如：There is an orange in her bag. There isnt an orange in her bag. There is no orange in her bag.There are some oranges in her bag. There arent any oranges in her bag. There are no oranges in her bag.There is some juice in the bottle. There isnt any juice in the bottle. There is no juice in the bottle.2. 一般疑问句：There be结构的一般疑问句变化只需把be动词移到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可。例如：There is some money in her handbag. Is there any money in her handbag? (疑问句和否定句中，some改为any, something改为anything.)There is something new in todays newspaper. There isnt anything new in todays newspaper. Is there anything new in todays newspaper?3. 特殊疑问句：There be句型的特殊疑问句有以下三种形式： 对主语提问：当主语是人时，用 “Whos + 介词短语?”；当主语是物时，用 “Whats + 介词短语?”。其中there在口语中常常省略。注意：无论原句的主语是单数还是复数，对其提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如： There is a bird in the tree. Whats in the tree? There are some bikes over there. Whats over there? There is a little girl in the room. Who is in the room? 对地点状语提问：用 “Where is are + 主语?”表示（注意其答语变化）：例如： There is a computer in my office. Where is the computer? -Its in my office. There are four children in the classroom. Where are the four children?They re in the classroom. 对数量提问：一般有两种提问方式： 如果主语是可数名词，无论是单数还是复数，都用“How many +可数名词复数 + are there + 介词短语？”表示： There are twelve months in a year. How many months are there in a year? There is only one book in my bag. How many books are there in your bag? There is a cat in the box. How many cats are there in the box? 如果主语是不可数名词，则用“ How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语？”表示： There is some money in my purse. How much money is there in your purse? 4. 反意疑问句：There be或There加其它动词，其反意疑问句一律用there? 例如：There is a beautiful girl in the garden, isnt there?There used to be no school here, used there did there? 三、注意: 1. 主谓一致和就近原则：如果句子的主语是单数的可数名词，或是不可数名词，be动词用“is” “was”。如果句子的主语是复数名词，be动词就用“are” “were”。如果有两个或两个以上的名词作主语，be动词要和最靠近它的那个主语在数上保持一致，也就是我们常说的 “就近原则”。 2. There be 时态。 3. There be句型和havehas的区别：There be句型表示 “存在有”, havehas表示 “拥有” “所有”,两者不能同时使用.例如：There are three books on the desk. 桌子上有三本书.I have three books. 我有三本书.四用法：1.含有情态动词的there be结构 多数情态动词，如：can, may, must, should, ought to, used to等都可以用于there be结构，并且在此结构中分别保留其原有的情态意义。例如：(1).There should have been someone on duty all the time.本来，每时每刻都应有人值班的。(2). There used to be a small pine wood near where I live.在我的住所附近曾经有一片小松林。(3).There must be something wrong with the machine.这机器一定是有故障了。2.含有半助动词的there be结构 半助动词本身有一定的含义，并且用法较为固定，常用在引导词there之后，be之前。这些半助动词有：appear to, happen to, chance to, seem to, tend to, prove to, turn out to, be about to, be sure to, be certain to, be likely to等。例如：(4). There dosent seem to have been any difficulty over the money question.(5).Theres sure to be a well somewhere nearby.附近肯定有一口井。(6). Theres likely to be a large audience in the theatre.剧院里可能有大量的观众。3. There be结构中的be用其他动词来代替 为了表达生动，在正式文体或文学作品中，可用表示状态、发生、位置转移等意义的其他动词来代替动词be。常这样用的动词有：live, lie, stand, remain, exist, occur, arise, rise, follow, come, enter, reach等。(7). There exist many ancient temples of this kind on the shores of the Mediterranean.在地中海沿岸地带，有许多这样的古庙。(8). Not long after this, there rose a sudden revolution.此后不久，突然爆发了一场革命。(9). Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black.突然进来一个浑身穿黑的陌生人。 注意：have一词虽与 there be结构在意义上有类似之处，但 have不能用来代替本结构中的 be，因此这个说法是不可取的：*Theres going to have a meeting next week.4.带有从句的there be结构 There be结构的主语后通常可以有一个定语从句来限制，还可以跟一个同位语从句。这个结构也可以带有一个状语从句，状语从句的位置可前可后。(10). There is nothing that does not contain contradiction.没有不包含矛盾的事物。（定语从句）(11). There came the news that the President had been assassinated.（同位语从句）(12). There ought to be some instructions on the lid, if Im not mistaken.（后置状语从句）(13).If the criminal had come this way, there would have been footprints.（前置状语从句）5.用在从句中的there be结构 There be结构用在从句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和同位语等。例如：(14). It is reported that there are a number of wounded on both sides.（主语从句）(15). They said there were quite a number of very valuable jewels stolen.（宾语从句）(16). Such wind as there was came up the river.（定语从句）(17). Where there is a will, there is a way.（状语从句）(18). The problem is that theres too much difficulty in fulfilling the task.（表语从句）(19). The fact that there occurred another accident surprised us all.（同位语从句）6. There be的被动语态形式 There be结构可以用被动语态形式来表达，这时表示“存在”的实意动词be变成了助动词，过去分词与其后的主语有被动的主谓关系。例如：(20). There are now published millions of books every year in China.(21). In the distance there was heard again the lowing of the cattle.(22). There are said to have been discovered on the very spot the remains of an ancient civilization.据说正是在这个地点发现了古代文明的遗址。7.主语表示特指的there be结构 There be结构中的主语一般用名词或不定代词表示不确定的事物。但要求特别提及某人或某事物的存在时，可表示特指。这时的主语可以是专有名词、人称代词，也可以由定冠词和物主代词来修饰名词。例如：(23). Then theres Mrs. Greenshe must be invited to the wedding.还有格林太太必须邀请她参加婚礼。（专有名词）(24). There were only we two left to continue the fierce fight against the enemy.只剩下我们两人继续同敌人进行激烈的战斗。（人称代词）(25). Many young people are taking radio courses in English. There is the boy next door, for example.许多年轻人在学广播英语课程，例如隔壁的那个男孩。（由定冠词修饰）(26). I am old and there is only my son to take my body to the grave.我老了，并且只有我儿子为我送葬了。（由物主代词修饰）8. There be的非谓语动词结构一There be的不定式形式 和其他谓语动词一样，there be结构可以有自己的不定式形式there to be，在句子中可以作主语、宾语和状语等。例如：(27). For there to be a mistake in a computers arithmetic is impossible.电脑的计算是不可能出现错误的。（主语）(28). It was unusual for there to be no late comers that day.那天没有迟到者，这是异乎寻常的。（主语）(29). Id like there to be a swimming pool in the garden.我希望花园里有个游泳池。（宾语）(30). The secretary arranged for there to be another interview.秘书又安排了一次面谈。（介宾）(31). It was too late for there to be any buses.太晚了，不会有公共汽车了。（状语） 注意：there to be作主语时通常有 for引导，例如：例（27）和（28）；作介词宾语时只能作for的宾语，而不能作其他介词的宾语，见例（30）。二. There be的动名词结构 其动名词结构形式为：there being，在句中可以作主语和宾语。例如：(32). There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.有一个车站离这所房子很近，这是一大优势。（主语）(33). We were annoyed at there being so much time wasted.由于浪费了那么多时间，我们很生气。（宾语）三There be的分词形式 There be一般只有现在分词形式，并可以分为一般式和完成式。其一般式为：there being，完成式为：there having been，在句中可用作状语。(34).There being nothing else to do, we went home.没有别的事情可做，我们就回家了。(35).There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was burnt black by the sun.由于好长时间没下雨了，地面都要被太阳烤焦了。9. There be结构的进一步倒装 There be结构本身属于一种倒装结构，因为它后面的名词短语为主语。但有时为了句子结构的需要，或者为了强调可以进一步倒装，这时be提到了引导词there之前，there好象成了be的主语。例如：(36). Are there any books in the other room? 另一个房间里有书吗？（疑问结构的需要）(37). Not a single soul was there to show us the way. 没有一个人给我们指路。（强调的需要）10. 省略引导词there的there be结构 在口语中，地点状语提到句首或表示推测语气时，可以省略引导词there，仍然表示存在。例如：(38). Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles, turkeys and toys.货品中有圣诞树、花卉、蜡烛、火鸡和玩具。（状语提前，are前省略there）(39). Wont be anybody there now. 那儿现在不会有人。（推测，句首省略There）(40). Must be someone at the door.门口那里一定有什么人。（推测，句首省略There）11 省略there be的存在句 在口语中或针对there be疑问结构的简短答语中可以省略there be，例如：(41). Anything I can do for you?我能为您效劳吗？（句首省略了Is there）(42).- How many foreign students are there in your class?-Five.（Five前省略了There are）12. 省略主语的there be结构 对there be结构一般疑问句的简短回答，可以省略主语。(43).- Are there any chairs in the room? -No, there arent.（句尾省略了主语）(44).- Is there an artificial hill in the park? -Yes, there is.（句尾省略了主语）13.There be结构在主谓一致中的特例 There be结构中动词be的数通常与其后作为主语的名词或代词一致。但也有例外：当本结构后的名词短语是一系列的事物，并且第一个事物是单数可数名词时，那么动词可以根据邻近原则而用单数形式；有时人们先说出there is (was)，然后才想到要用名词复数，这样会产生主谓不一致情况，这种情况在口语中允许出现。例如：(45).There is a textbook, a dictionary and some notebooks.书桌上有一本教科书、一本字典和几本笔记。（邻近原则）(46).Theres hundreds of people on the waiting list. 登记等候的有数百人。（口语表达）14.“There be + no (not any) +动名词”结构 此结构是一种特殊意义的否定结构，表示不可能性。(47). There is no saying how long the rain is going to last. 说不准这场雨要下多久。(48). There isnt any mistaking his intentions this time.这次是不可能误会他的意思的。15. There be 结构是一常见的表示“存在”的句型该结构不表示“存在”意义的现象又广见于书面语及口语，它以否定句的形式出现，用于对某一具体行为和抽象概念的否定。其惯用结构一般有以下三种： 一、There is + no + Noun + in doing something 1.其中名词为表“利弊”、“用途”的抽象名词，如： There is no good in going. 去没有什么好处。 There is no harm in doing that. 那样做并无害处。 There is no use in doing it. 干此事毫无用处。 2.其中名词为表“价值”、“意义”的抽象名词，如： There is no sense in waiting here. 在这里等候下去毫无意义。 There is no point in doing so. 这样做毫无意义。 There is no disgrace in failing once. 一旦失败也不丢脸。 （注：此结构中的介词可以省略，如：There is no use asking hershe doesnt know anything.） 二、There is + no + doing something 1.其中的动词（do）多为“转述”或“认知”等意义的动词，如：tell, say, know等，其后一般跟疑问句，如when，what等。 There is no saying what may happen. 很难说会发生什么事。 There is no telling when he will return. 说不清他何时回来。 There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何时我们能再相会。 2.其他动词，其意义相当灵活。 There is no mistaking what ought to be done. 应该做什么是清楚的。 There is no denying the fact. 事实无可否认。 There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不能倒转。 There is no getting along with him. 他很难相处。 Once she starts talking, there is no stopping her. 一旦她打开话匣子，就说个没完。 There is no joking with him. 和他不能开玩笑。三、There is + no + Action Noun 此结构的含义相当于Its impossible /unnecessary to do something。如： There is no hurry about it. 没有必要这么急匆匆的。 There is no question of his honesty. 他的诚实是勿庸置疑的。 有时，在此结构中的Action Noun被动名词形式所取代，其意义不变。试比较： There is no escape from the evident. There is no escaping the fact. 两句都表示：无法逃（躲）避 但是，有时也存在意义上的区别，试比较： a. There is no doubt at all about it. “存在句”，意即：对于此事不存在任何的疑问。 b. There is no doubting her virtue. 不表“存在”的一种惯用结构，意即：她的贞操勿庸置疑。 以上三种结构除用于陈述句外，尚可见于疑问句。如： Is there any use in discussing the matter further? 这种事再讨论下去有何益处？ Is there any hurry about it? 这事需要匆忙吗？ 此惯用结构中的be有时可与情态动词连用，其语气更趋委婉。如： There could be no mistaking where he had come from. 他从哪里来是相当清楚的。 此结构中的no也不是一成不变的，它可被其他形式所取代。如： There isnt any getting away from it. 要从它那里逃脱是不可能的。 There was never believing half of what he said. 他的话连一半也不信。 Theres never any predicting what they will do next. 无法料及他们下一步将会干什么4