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Unit 1 Living wellLearning about Language 1 Fill in the table below. You can use the dictionary to help you. Noun Adjectiveambitiousabsentsuitabilitybenefitannoynanceambitionabsence suitablebeneficialannoyed/annoying Noun Adjectiveclumsinessfirmnessnoisepsychology encouragingclumsyfirmnoisypsychologicalencouragement 1. How do you measure the length of a race round a racetrack? 2. How would you feel if someone kept talking when you were trying to read? 2 Answer each question by using a correct new word in this unit. lapannoyed 3. In what way can a teacher check if you have learned the new words by heart? 4. What do you call an item written in a diary or in a dictionary? 5. What kind of instrument does a doctor need to examine viruses in blood? dictationentrymicroscope 6. How do you describe someone who is happy to meet new people? 7. What do you call students in the same year group and the same situation as you? 8. What do you call the behaviour of one student to others? outgoingfellowconduct 3 Complete this passage using the words below. There was a time when children with mental disabilities were prevented from living a normal life _. They used to _ in their own homes after being educated in special in many ways sit aroundadapt to cut out in other words out of breath sit around in many waysmake fun of all in all schools. Other people sometimes _ them. But now things are changing. There are training programmes for young people with mental disabilities, which have proved very beneficial. Students like Xie Li, mentally disabled from birth, now have a chance to become athletes. But it is a challenge. She has to _ training programmes as well as mixing with other able-bodied athletes. make fun ofadapt to “ Xie Lis confidence has grown,” said her father. “She looks much better and is not so often _ after her training. _ her mother and I are very happy with her progress.” So, instead of _ mainstream activities, mentally disabled students can become part of the mainstream. _ they can lead a more fulfilling life. In other wordsout of breath All in allcutting out Revise the Infinitive Unit 1 Grammar 1. It is good to help others. 2. It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings. 3. My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up. Identify its function.(subject)(subject)(predicative)想 一 想 4. I dont have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. 5. I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake. 6. A big company has decided to buy it from me. 7. My fellow students have begun to accept me for who I am. (attribute)(attribute)(object) (object) 8. I have had to work hard to live a normal life. 9. Some days I am too tired to get out of bed. 10. We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people. (adverbial)(adverbial)(object complement) 动 词 不 定 式 的 作 用 Functions of Infinitive 1 主 语 (subject) 2 表 语 (predicative) 3 宾 语 (object) 4 宾 补 (object complement) 5 定 语 (attribute) 6 状 语 (adverbial) 7 独 立 结 构 (absolute construction) 1 不 定 式 作 主 语 (subject)To keep smiling is healthy for you.Its important to look up the new words in the dictionary when you study English.单 个 不 定 式 作 主 语 时 ,谓 语 动 词 用 单 数 。若 不 定 式 太 长 ,往 往 用 it作 形 式 主 语 ,不定 式 后 置 。 My job to protect the world. My ambition is to _.is2 不 定 式 作 表 语 (predicative) Seeing is to believe. To see is believing. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 不 定 式 常 用 在 系 动 词 be, seem, appear, get, remain等 后 作 表 语 。All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly.如 果 主 语 部 分 有 个 表 示 不 定 式 内 容 的 do, 用 作 表 语 的 不 定 式 可 省 略 to。 Yao Ming likes to play basketball. I find it still necessary (for him) to _ if he wants to win. 3 不 定 式 作 宾 语 (object)句 型 ： think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do 常 接 动 词 不 定 式 作 宾 语 的 动 词 有 ：agree, afford, appear, ask, attempt,care, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, expect, fail, get, hate, hesitate, hope, hurry, intend, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, threaten,want, wish。 你 记 得 哪 一 条 路 到 那 儿 吗 ？ Do you remember which way to get there? 下 一 步 干 什 么 你 决 定 了 吗 ? Have you decided what to do next? 我 来 问 他 怎 么 样 开 这 机 器 。 Ill ask him how to operate the machine.1) 不 定 式 有 时 和 连 接 代 词 /副 词 构 成 宾 语 。 2) 有 时 不 定 式 由 whether引 起 。 I didnt know whether to laugh or cry about it.3) feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider 等 动 词 后 如 果 是 不 定 式 做 宾 语 ， 补 语 是 形 容 词 (间 或 是 名 词 )， 常 用 it作 形 式 宾 语 ， 把 不 定 式 后 移 。 I find it difficult to work with him. 4 不 定 式 作 宾 补 (object complement)My mum asks me to play the piano two hours every day. The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.I expect you to give me some help.引 导 不 定 式 作 宾 补 的 动 词 ：warn, tell, allow, help, ask, force等+sb to do sth listen to hear watch 五 看 see look at observe notice 三使 let make have 二 听 一 感 觉 : feel + sb do sth（ 不 带 to） 1. They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.但 当 以 上 的 动 词 用 于 被 动 式 ， to要 还 原 ：2. Mother made John wash the car for a week. John was made to wash the car for a week. 3 不 定 式 用 在 介 词 but, except, besides后 时 , 如 果 这 些 介 词 前 有 行 为 动 词 do的各 种 形 式 , 那 么 介 词 后 的 不 定 式 不 带 to,相 反 则 带 to。1. She could do nothing but cry.2. I have no choice but to go.3. What do you like to do besides sleep. 5 不 定 式 作 定 语 (attribute)1. Kate is looking for a suitable coat to wear.2. Tom has a nice pen to write with. 1. 不 定 式 作 定 语 与 所 修 饰 的 词 之 间有 三 种 关 系 ：I have a lot of work to do.我 有 很 多 工 作 要 做 。 He is always the first to come.他 总 是 第 一 个 来 。 We all have a chance to go to college.我 们 都 有 上 大 学 的 机 会 。(1) 动 宾 关 系(2)主 谓 关 系(3)同 位 关 系 2. 当 名 词 被 the first ,the last, the only等 词 以 及 形 容 词 最 高 级 修 饰 时eg: She is always the first to come and the last to leave.3. something, anything, nothing, everything等 复 合 不 定 代 词 常 用 不 定 式做 后 置 定 语 。 注 意 比 较 ：1) Have you anything to send? 你 有 什 么 东 西 要 寄 吗 ？2) Have you anything to be sent? 你 有 什 么 要 （ 我 或 别 人 ） 寄 的 东 西 吗 ？ （ 不 定 式 to send的 动 作 执 行 者 是 you）（ 不 定 式 to be sent的 动 作 执 行 者 是已 被 省 略 的 me 或 someone else） 5. 如 果 不 定 式 是 不 及 物 动 词 , 则 后 面 需 适 当 的 介 词 。 Please pass me some paper to write _. on4. 也 可 用 在 have to do和 there be 句 型 中 。 There is no one to take care of her. I have no jewelry to wear. I got up early to _.You came here to_.in order to, so as to,enough to,only to, too . to catch the train 6 不 定 式 作 状 语 (adverbial) 在 一 些 短 语 中 也 有 体 现 eg: He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.1. 表 示 目 的 : to in order to so as to so/ such as to do不 定 式 作 状 语 2. 表 示 原 因 : 不 定 式 可 以 用 在 作 表 语 的 形 容 词 后 作状 语 , sorry, surprised, happy, glad, eager, angry, foolish, right, wrong, slow, quick, rude, cruel, disappointed等 。eg: Im glad / pleased to see you. We were surprised to hear the news. so + adj. / adv. + as to dosuch + adj. + n. +as to doadj. / adv.+ enough + to dotoo + adv. / adj. +to do He was so foolish as to believe it. = He was such a fool as to believe it. = He was foolish enough to believe it.3. 结 果 状 语 :常 与 only , enough 或 too连 用He studied hard only to fail the exam. To tell the truth, I am not happy at the moment.to be frank to be honestto tell the truth7 独 立 结 构 (absolute construction) 8. 不 定 式 的 否 定 结 构 ：不 定 式 的 否 定 结 构 多 由 “ not +不 定 式 ” 构 成 ， 否 定 副 词 not, never, seldom, hardly 等 要 置 于to前 。请 告 诉 你 的 小 孩 不 要 在 街 上 玩 耍 。Please tell your child not to play in the street.她 检 查 名 字 为 了 不 犯 错 误 。She checked the names so as not to make mistakes. 动 词 不 定 式 的 时 态 和 语 态形 式 主 动 被 动一 般 式进 行 式完 成 式完 成 进行 式 to doto have doneto be doingto have been doing to be doneto have beendone (1) They pretended not to see us.(2) He pretended to be sleeping. (3) She pretended to have known it before.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后。)(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行。)(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。)(4) Were happy to have been working with you. (完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续。) 不 定 式 的 时 态 不 定 式 的 一 般 式 to do I am glad to see you. He has decided to give her some money. 表 示 的 动 作 通 常 与 谓 语 所 表 示 的 动 作 或 状 态 同 时 或 者 几 乎 同 时 发 生 ， 或 是 在 它 之 后 发 生 。 不 定 式 的 进 行 式 to be doingI am very glad to be working with you.He pretended to be working hardwhen his boss passed him.表 示 的 动 作 通 常 与 谓 语 动 词 表 示 的 动作 同 时 发 生 。 不 定 式 的 完 成 式 to have doneHe happened to have seen the film before. The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese.不 定 式 所 表 示 的 动 作 发 生 在 谓 语 动 作或 状 态 之 前 。 He wanted to have met you at the airport, but he didnt get there in time.表 示 过 去 没 有 实 现 的 期 待 或 者 计 划hoped, promised, wanted, wished, expected, plannedHe would like to have played theviolin at the concert.不 定 式 的 完 成 式 在 would like后 边 表 示未 能 实 现 的 愿 望 。 不 定 式 的 语 态主 动 语 态 to do 被 动 语 态 to be doneIt is an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting.Everyone likes the hero to be praised. We asked him to stay till the nextday, but he refused to.Are you a teacher? Yes, and I haveto be.What we want to do now is lie downand have a good rest.I didnt say anything but to make a gesture. 省 略 to与 省 略 do 1. prefer n. (doing) to n. (doing)2. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.3. would rather do4. would rather + 句 子 （ 虚 拟 语 气 ）5. advise / allow/ permit/ forbid sb. to do advise / allow / permit/ forbid doing固 定 词 组 和 句 型 The question is very difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with.1. 主 语 be +adj. +to do 能 用 于 此 句 型 的 形 容 词 有 : difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使 人 疲 劳 的 ), interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc.主 动 形 式 表 被 动 意 义 的 不 定 式 The box is light enough to carry.The river water is warm enough to swim in.2. 主 语 +be +adj. + enough +to do The books seemed too heavy to carry. The ice is too thin to skate on.3. 主 语 +be +too +adj. +to do 1. Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made课 堂 练 兵 2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects3. There are five pairs_, but I am at a loss which to buy. A to be chosen B to choose from C to choose D for choosing 4. I find these problems are easy _. A. to be worked out B. to work them out C. to work out D. to be worked them out5. _ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 6. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone7. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 8. Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to9. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 1. _ this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour. (2006 广 东 卷 ) A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making 2. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) _ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (2007 重 庆 卷 ) A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought C. had said to buy D. has said to have bought 3. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. (2008 全 国 卷 ) A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed 4. Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. (2008 北 京 卷 ) A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding 5. David threatened _ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid. (2009 上 海 卷 ) A. to be reported B. reporting C. to report D. having reported 6. With the world changing fast, we have something new _ with all by ourselves every day. (2009 重 庆 卷 ) A. deal B. dealt C. to deal D. dealing 7. The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. (2009 全 国 卷 I) A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at 8. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad. (2010 全 国 I卷 ) A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought 9. There were many talented actors out there just waiting _. (2010 江 西 卷 ) A. to discover B. to be discovered C. discovered D .being discovered 10. We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition. (2010 辽 宁 卷 ) A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found 11. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. (2010 山 东 卷 ) A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed 12. In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant _. (2010 四 川 卷 ) A. to deal with B. dealing with C. to be dealt with D. dealt with 1 爱 和 被 爱 都 是 最 大 的 幸 福 。_ are both great happiness.2 据 说 他 已 经 完 成 了 他 的 工 作 。He is said _.3 根 据 报 道 他 们 已 安 全 到 达 。They are reported _.To love and to be lovedto have finished/completedhis work翻 译 下 面 的 句 子 。to have arrived safely 4 我 想 叫 人 立 刻 修 理 这 辆 自 行 车 。I want this bike _.5 玛 利 仿 佛 已 经 被 告 知 此 事 了 。Mary seemed _.6 众 所 周 知 ， 奥 运 会 上 他 被 授 予 了 一 枚 金 牌 。He is known _ a gold medal at the Olympics.to be repaired at onceto have been told about itto have been given/immediately I want to tell you something .Make up a short passage using the infinitive as much as possible. The beginning of the passage is given below. For exampleHi, I want to tell you something. I will goto Ruian for shopping this afternoon. Do you want to go with me? First, Id like to go to Kaitai Store. But to be frank, most of time I am there only to do some window shopping, because everything is expensive. Then, I plan to go to HongQiao Road to buy some clothes. I like to try the new fashion style of this season. By the way, do you know anything to entertain us?If so, I cant wait to have a try! Why not come and join me? Marty says2. I used to climb trees, swim and play football.3. Then I started to get weaker and weaker.1. Unfortunately, the doctors dont know how to make me better, but I am very outgoing and have learned to adapt to my disability. 4. Even after all that, no one could give my disease a name and it is difficult to know what the future holds.5. Sometimes, too, I was too weak to go to school so my education suffered.6. My ambition is to work for a firm that develops computer software when I grow up. Marty says Marty says7. Last year I inventedand a big company has decided to buy it from me.8. I also have to do a lot of work, especially if I have been away for a while.9. Just accept them for who they are, and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do. 不 定 式 由 “ to+动 词 原 形 ” 构 成 ,其 否 定 形式 是 “ not/never to do” ,不 定 式 可 以 带宾 语 或 状 语 构 成 不 定 式 短 语 ,没 有 人 称 和数 的 变 化 ,但 有 时 态 和 语 态 的 变 化 。 不 定式 可 以 作 主 语 、 宾 语 、 状 语 、 表 语 和 定 语， 但 不 能 单 独 作 谓 语 。 不 定 式 的 逻 辑 主 语有 时 用 “ for+名 词 或 代 词 宾 格 ” 构 成 。不 定 式 动 词 不 定 式 的 作 用 Functions of Infinitive 1 主 语 (subject) 2 表 语 (predicative) 3 宾 语 (object) 4 宾 补 (object complement) 5 定 语 (attribute) 6 状 语 (adverbial) 7 独 立 结 构 (absolute construction)
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