冲压工艺 外文及翻译

12.外文翻译1. The mold designing and manufacturingThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80s later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprises development also rapid quietly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; The three investments and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhejiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.1.模具设计与制造 模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国模具制造属于专用设备制造业。中国虽然很早就开始制造模具和使用模具，但长期未形成产业。直到20世纪80年代后期，中国模具工业才驶入发展的快车道。近年，不仅国有模具企业有了很大发展，三资企业、乡镇（个体）模具企业的发展也相当迅速。 虽然中国模具工业发展迅速，但与需求相比，显然供不应求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具领域。由于在模具精度、寿命、制造周期及生产能力等方面，中国与国际平均水平和发达国家仍有较大差距，因此，每年需要大量进口模具。 中国模具产业除了要继续提高生产能力，今后更要着重于行业内部结构的调整和技术发展水平的提高。结构调整方面，主要是企业结构向专业化调整，产品结构向着中高档模具发展，向进出口结构的改进，中高档汽车覆盖件模具成形分析及结构改进、多功能复合模具和复合加工及激光技术在模具设计制造上的应用、高速切削、超精加工及抛光技术、信息化方向发展。 近年，模具行业结构调整和体制改革步伐加大，主要表现在，大型、精密、复杂、长寿命、中高档模具及模具标准件发展速度高于一般模具产品；塑料模和压铸模比例增大；专业模具厂数量及其生产能力增加；“三资”及私营企业发展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。从地区分布来看，以珠江三角洲和长江三角洲为中心的东南沿海地区发展快于中西部地区，南方的发展快于北方。目前发展最快、模具生产最为集中的省份是广东和浙江，江苏、上海、安徽和山东等地近几年也有较大发展。2. Mold Present Status of TechnologyTechnical level of Chinas mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap. The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, either wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planning, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation; technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.2.我国模具的结构现状工业目前技术水平参差不齐，悬殊较大。从总体上来讲，与发达工业国家及港台地区先进水平相比，还有较大的差距。 在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技术设计与制造模具方面，无论是应用的广泛性，还是技术水平上都存在很大的差距。在应用CAD技术设计模具方面，仅有约10%的模具在设计中采用了CAD，距抛开绘图板还有漫长的一段路要走；在应用CAE进行模具方案设计和分析计算方面，也才刚刚起步，大多还处于试用和动画游戏阶段；在应用CAM技术制造模具方面，一是缺乏先进适用的制造装备，二是现有的工艺设备（包括近10多年来引进的先进设备）或因计算机制式（IBM微机及其兼容机、HP工作站等）不同，或因字节差异、运算速度差异、抗电磁干扰能力差异等，联网率较低，只有5%左右的模具制造设备近年来才开展这项工作；在应用CAPP技术进行工艺规划方面，基本上处于空白状态，需要进行大量的标准化基础工作；在模具共性工艺技术，如模具快速成型技术、抛光技术、电铸成型技术、表面处理技术等方面的CAD/CAM技术应用在我国才刚起步。计算机辅助技术的软件开发，尚处于较低水平，需要知识和经验的积累。我国大部分模具厂、车间的模具加工设备陈旧，在役期长、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的锻、车、铣、刨、钻、磨设备加工模具，热处理加工仍在使用盐浴、箱式炉，操作凭工人的经验，设备简陋，能耗高。设备更新速度缓慢，技术改造，技术进步力度不大。虽然近年来也引进了不少先进的模具加工设备，但过于分散，或不配套，利用率一般仅有25%左右，设备的一些先进功能也未能得到充分发挥。3. Die trend(1) Mold software features integrated Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcams software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc. Shanghai Jiao tong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Bei hang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems. (2) Mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensionalTwo-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / E, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimarron company Mold expert, Delcams Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Mold flow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science has developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimarrons software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results. (3) Mold software applications, networking trend With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, and agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. 3.模具的发展趋势 （1）模具软件功能集成化 模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。如英国Delcam公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面/实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体CAM、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。国内有上海交通大学金属塑性成型有限元分析系统和冲裁模CAD/CAM系统；北京北航海尔软件有限公司的CAXA系列软件；吉林金网格模具工程研究中心的冲压模CAD/CAE/CAM系统等。 （2）模具设计、分析及制造的三维化 传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求。模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并行工程成为可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D专业注塑模设计软件，可进行交互式3D型腔、型芯设计、模架配置及典型结构设计。澳大利亚Moldflow公司的三维真实感流动模拟软件MoldflowAdvisers已经受到用户广泛的好评和应用。国内有华中理工大学研制的同类软件HSC3D4.5F及郑州工业大学的Z-mold软件。面向制造、基于知识的智能化功能是衡量模具软件先进性和实用性的重要标志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。 （3）模具软件应用的网络化趋势 随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可能。4. Heat Treatment of DieTraditional die and mould design, mainly by experience or semiexperience，is isolated from manufacturing process. Before the design is finalized，the scheme of die and mould is usually modified time and again，thus some disadvantages come into being, such as long development period, high cost and uncertain practical effect. Due to strong desires for precision, service life, development period and cost, modern die and mould should be designed and manufactured perfectly. Therefore more and more advanced technologies and innovations have been applied, for example, concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing virtual manufacturing, collaborative design, etc.Heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design, manufacture and assembly because it has a vital effect on manufacture，assembly and service lifeDesign and manufacture of die and mould have progressed rapidly，but heat treatment lagged seriously behind themAs die and mould industry develops，heat treatment must ensure die and mould there are good state of manufacture，assembly and wearresistant properties by request. Impertinent heat treatment can influence die and mould manufacturing such as overhard andsoft and assemblyTraditionally the heat treatment process was made out according to the methods and properties brought forward by designerThis could make the designers of die and mould and heat treatment diverge from each other，for the designers of die and mould could not fully realize heat treatment process and materials properties，and contrarily the designers rarely understood the service environment and designing thought. These divergences will impact the progress of die and mould to a great extent. Accordingly，if the process design of heat treatment is considered in the early designing stage，the aims of shortening development period，reducing cost and stabilizing quality will be achieved and the sublimation of development pattern from serial to concurrent will be realizedConcurrent engineering takes computer integration system as a carrier, at the very start subsequent each stage and factors have been considered such as manufacturing，heat treating，properties and so forth in order to avoid the errorThe concurrent pattern has dismissed the defect of serial pattern, which bring about a revolution against serial patternIn the present workthe heat treatment was integrated into the concurrent circumstance of the die and mould development，and the systemic and profound research was performed4.模具的热处理模具设计主要是依照自身实践经验或依照部分实践经验，而不是制造工艺。在设计完成之前，模具方案通常要被一次又一次的改进，于是有些缺点便出现，例如开发时期长，成本高和实际效果不明显。由于对精确性、使用寿命、开发期和费用的严格要求，先进的模具要求设计和制造得十分完善。因此越来越先进的技术和创新方法被应用其中，例如并行工程、敏捷制造业、虚拟制造业、协同合作设计等。模具的热处理与模具设计，制造和装配同样重要。因为它对模具的制造装配和使用寿命又及其重要的影响。模具设计与制造发展十分迅速，但是热处理发展却严重滞后它们。随着模具工业的发展，热处理必须保证模具有良好的制造装配和磨损耐热性能。不切实际的热处理将导致模具材料过硬或过软，同时影响模具装配性能。传统的热处理工艺是按照设计师提出的方法和特性制作出来的。这样会使模具设计师和热处理工艺师意见产生分歧，而模具设计师却不能充分地了解热处理工艺和材料的性能，相反热处理工艺师却很少了解模具的使用环境和设计思路。这些分歧将在很大程度上影响模具的发展。因此，如果把热处理工艺设计放在设计阶段之前，则缩短开发周期，减少花费和保证质量等目标将会被考虑，而且从串行到并行的发展模式也将会实现。并行工程是以计算机集成系统作为载体，在开始以后，每个阶段和因素都被看作如制造、热处理、性能等等，以避免出现错误。并行模式已经摒除了串行模式的缺陷，由此带来了一场对串行模式的革命。在当前的工作中，热处理被集成到了模具开发的并行环境中，同时也正在进行这种系统性和深入性的研究。总结5. Summary进入21世纪，在经济全球化的新形势下，随着资本、技术和劳动力市场的重新整合，我国装备制造业在加入WTO以后，将成为世界装The 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, technology and labor market re-integration of equipment manufacturing in China after joining the WTO will become the worlds equipment manufacturing base. 而在现代制造业中，无论哪一行业的工程装备，都越来越多地采用由模具工业提供的产品。 In the modern manufacturing industry, no matter which industry, engineering equipment, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry. 为了适应用户对模具制造的高精度、短交货期、低成本的迫切要求，模具工业正广泛应用现代先进制造技术来加速模具工业的技术进步，满足各行各业对模具这一基础工艺装备的迫切需求。 In order to meet the users high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs.5.总结总结进入21世纪，在经济全球化的新形势下，随着资本、技术和劳动力市场的重新整合，我国装备制造业在加入WTO以后，将成为世界装备制造业的基地。而在现代制造业中，无论哪一行业的工程装备，都越来越多地采用由模具工业提供的产品。为了适应用户对模具制造的高精度、短交货期、低成本的迫切要求，模具工业正广泛应用现代先进制造技术来加速模具工业的技术进步，满足各行各业对模具这一基础工艺装备的迫切需求。X13.参考书目参考文献1模具设计与制造党根茂 骆志斌 李集仁编，西安电子科技大学出版社2冲压工艺与模具设计张如华主编，清华大学出版3冲压工艺与模具设计王信友主编，清华大学出版4模具设计与制造简明手册冯炳尧等编，上海科学技术出版社5实用模具技术手册邓石城 王旭编，上海科学技术出版社6冲模设计手册张鼎承主编，机械工业出版社7互换性与技术测量廖念钊主编，机械工业出版社8冷冲模设计手册编写组，机械工业出版社9冲压加工设备与自动化王平主编，华中科技大学出版社10冷冲模具设计精要周本凯编写11模具专业英语机械工业出版社14.谢辞致谢词本文主要阐述了冲压工艺及模具，让我对冲压模具产生了浓厚的兴趣，同时，受我专业的影响，我已经习惯于关注带来的一系列机遇与挑战。 本篇设计虽然凝聚着自己的汗水，但却不是个人智慧的产品，没有老师的指引和赠予，没有父母和朋友的帮助和支持，我在大学的学术成长肯定会大打折扣。当我打完毕业论文的最后一个字符，涌上心头的不是长途跋涉后抵达终点的欣喜，而是源自心底的诚挚谢意。我首先要感谢我的老师卢振华，对我的构思以及设计的内容不厌其烦的进行多次指导和悉心指点，使我在完成论文的同时也深受启发和教育。 再次由衷感谢答辩组的各位老师对学生的指导和教诲，我也在努力的积蓄着力量，尽自己的微薄之力回报母校的培育之情，争取使自己的人生对社会产生些许积极的价值！15.附页凹模加工工艺过程 材料：Gr12硬度：5862HRC零件工艺过程卡模具名称止动片级进模零件编号1零件名称凹模零件件数1工序号工序名称工序内容设备1备料锻件（退火状态）175145352粗铣铣六面到尺寸17214232，注意两大平面与相邻邻侧面用标准角尺测量达基本垂直线割机3平面磨磨光两大平面厚度达31，并磨两相邻侧面达四面垂直。垂直度0.02/1004钳划线 划出各孔径中心线并划出凹模洞口轮廓尺寸钻孔 钻螺纹底孔，销钉底孔，凹模洞口穿线孔铰孔 铰销钉孔到要求攻丝 攻螺纹丝到要求5热处理淬火 使硬度达58-62HRC6平面磨磨光两大平面，使厚度达30.5镗床7线切割割凹模洞口，并留0.010.02研余量8钳研磨洞口内壁侧面达0.8um配推件块到要求9平磨磨凹模板上平面厚度达要求10钳总装配冲孔凸模加工工艺过程 材料：Cr12硬度：5260HRC零件工艺过程卡模具名称止动片级进模零件编号2零件名称冲孔凸模零件件数2序号工序名称工序内容1备料锻件（退火状态）：1570线割机2热处理退火，硬度达到5260HRC3车 一端面，打顶尖孔。车外圆至12；掉头车另一端面，长度至尺寸66；打孔尖孔。双顶尖顶，车外圆尺寸12圆，达到11至要求，4热处理淬火，硬度至5260H RC。镗床5磨削磨削外圆尺寸11，10至要求6线切削切除工作端面顶尖孔，长度尺寸至65要求7磨削磨削端面至Ra0.8um8钳总装配落料凸模加工工艺过程 材料：Gr12硬度：5260HRC零件工艺过程卡模具名称止动片级进模零件编号2零件名称落料凸模零件件数1工序号工序名称工序内容设备1备料锻件（退火状态）：7535702粗铣铣六面见光线割机3平磨磨高度两平面到尺寸684钳划线 在长度方一侧线切割夹位6后，划凸模轮廓线并划凸模中线。按凸模洞口中心钻线切割穿丝孔、正方形。5热处理淬火 硬度达5260HRC6平磨磨高度到65.5镗床7线切割割凸模及两凹模，并单边留0.010.02研磨余量8钳研配 研凸模并配入凸模固定板研 各侧壁到0.8um9平磨磨高度到要求10钳总装配凸模固定板加工工艺过程 材料：Q275硬度：4348HRC零件工艺过程卡模具名称止动片级进模零件编号3零件名称凸模固定板零件件数1工序号工序名称工序内容设备1备料下料175145252热处理调质 硬度4348HRC线割机3粗铣铣六面达17214222mm，并使两大平面和相邻两侧面相互基本垂直4平磨磨光两大平面厚度达20.5，并磨两相邻侧面使四面垂直，垂直度0.02/1005钳划线 凸模固定孔中心线，销钉孔中心线，螺纹过中心线，销钉过孔中心线钻孔 凸模固定孔穿丝线，螺纹过孔和销钉过孔到要求6线切割割凸模安装固定孔单边留0.010.02研余量镗床7铣铣凸模固定孔背面沉孔到要求8钳研配凸模板9平磨磨模厚度到要求10钳总装配 卸料板加工工艺过程 材料：Q275硬度：4348HRC零件工艺过程卡模具名称止动片级进模零件编号4零件名称卸料板零件件数1工序号工序名称工序内容设备1备料下料175145252热处理调质 硬度4348HRC线割机3粗铣铣六面17214222，并使两大平面和相邻两侧面基本垂直4平磨磨光两大平面，厚度达20，并磨两相邻侧面使四面垂直，垂直度0.02/1005钳划线 螺纹孔中心线，守位孔中心线及中间型孔轮廓线钻孔 螺纹底孔，定位钉底孔型孔穿线孔铰丝，攻丝 铰定位钉孔到要求，螺纹孔攻丝到要求6线切割割型孔到要求镗床7钳型孔与凸模装配定位钉与定位钉装配螺纹孔与螺钉装配8平磨磨厚度到要求9钳总装配凸模垫板加工工艺过程 材料：45钢硬度：4348HRC零件工艺过程卡模具名称垫片级进模零件编号5零件名称上垫板零件件数1工序号工序名称工序内容设备1备料锻件：175145102粗铣铣六面达1721427，并使两大平面和相邻两侧基本垂直线割机3平磨磨光两大平面，厚度达6.5，并磨两相邻侧面使四面垂直，垂直度0.02/1004钳划线 螺纹过孔中心线，销钉过孔中心线钻孔 钻螺纹过孔，销钉过孔到要求5热处理淬火 硬度：4348HRC6平磨磨两大平面厚度达要求镗床7钳总装配凹模垫板加工工艺过程 材料：45钢硬度：5458HRC零件工艺过程卡模具名称垫片级进模零件编号6零件名称下垫板零件件数1工序号工序名称工序内容设备1备料锻件：175145102粗铣铣六面达1721427，并使两大平面和相邻两侧基本垂直线割机3平磨磨光两大平面，厚度达6.5，并磨两相邻侧面使四面垂直，垂直度0.02/1004钳划线 紧固螺钉过孔中心线，卸料螺钉过孔空中心线，销钉孔中心线，落废料孔中心线，凸凹模紧固螺钉过孔中心线钻孔 钻上述各孔到要求5热处理淬火 硬度：4348HRC6平磨磨两大平面厚度达要求镗床7钳总装配导料板加工工艺过程 材料：Q275硬度：5458HRC零件工艺过程卡模具名称垫片级进模零件编号7零件名称导料板零件件数2工序号工序名称工序内容设备1备料锻件（退火状态）14555102粗铣铣六面达142527，并使两大平面和相邻两侧基本垂直线割机3平磨磨光两大平面，厚度达6.5，并磨两相邻侧面使四面垂直，垂直度0.02/1004钳划线 紧固螺钉过孔中心线，卸料螺钉过孔空中心线，销钉孔中心线，落废料孔中心线，凸凹模紧固螺钉过孔中心线钻孔 钻上述各孔到要求5热处理淬火 硬度：4348HRC6平磨磨两大平面厚度达要求镗床7钳总装配46