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外研必修四第一模块讲义Will Smiles 第一部分：词汇 1. alternative (1). adj.替换的；其他的；供选择的e. g. I offered the alternative suggestions of spending the vacation in the mountains or by the sea.我建议这次假期不到山上就到海边去。In the future, we will use more alternative energy, such as wave power and wind power.将来我们不得不更多的其他能源，如潮汐能和风能。If the first plan doesnt work, well have to carry out the alternative one.如果第一计划行不通，我们将不得不执行代替方案。(2). c. n.选择；供选择的东西e. g. He knew he had to work hard: there was no alternative. =He had no alternative but to work hard.他知道他必须努力工作，别无选择。The school is not far from his home, so he takes the alternative of walking.学校离他家不远，所以他选择步行。You have the alternative of speaking or of keeping quiet. 你或者发言或者保持肃静。It is a reasonable alternative to the present system. 这相对于现存的制度来说是一个合理的选择。构词解析：alternative adj. 替换的；其他的；供选择的 c. n. 选择；供选择的东西; alternatively adv. 供选择地；代替地2. load (1) c.n.装载物（量）; 工作量；（精神等方面的）负担，负荷e. g. He climbed the hill with a heavy load on his back every day.他每天背负重物爬山。The teachers work load in our school is about 10 hours a day. 我们学校老师的工作量每天约十个小时。The sick child is a heavy load for his father to bear.那个生病的小男孩让他的父亲心力交瘁。(2). vt.装；装载? 常用短语：load with用将装满?e. g. They loaded the truck with bananas. (=They loaded bananas onto the truck.)他们用卡车运香蕉。The table was loaded with dishes. 桌子上摆满了菜。构词解析：load c.n. 装载物（量）; 工作量；（精神等方面的）负担，负荷 vt. 装；装载 loaded adj.装了货的；满载的3. arrest （1）vt.逮捕，扣留；停止，阻止；吸引（注意等）e. g. The police arrested the criminal for selling drugs. 警察因为贩卖毒品而逮捕了那个罪犯。The treatment arrested the growth of the disease. 治疗阻止了疾病的发展。The bright lights arrested the babys attention.鲜艳的颜色吸引了婴儿的注意力。(2) n. 逮捕? 常用于短语：under arrest 逮捕；拘留e. g. He is under arrest and awaiting trial.他已被逮捕正等候审判。构词解析：arrest vt. 逮捕，扣留；停止，阻止；吸引（注意等）n. 逮捕 arresting adj.引人注目的；醒目的4. limit(1) c. n.界限；限制? （常用复数形式）常见短语：a limit to/on 对于的限制? set a limit on/to限制? the limit忍耐的极限e. g. There is a limit to what I can do for you. 我能为你做的事是有限度的。The task is too difficult for me. I know my limits.这项任务对我来说太困难了，我知道我能力有限。This is the third time in a week that you have been late. -it really is the limit.这是你一周之内的第三次迟到了- 实在令人无法忍受。No smoking will be allowed within a future citys limits.在未来市区内将不准吸烟。After his fathers death, John spent money without limits. 在他父亲死后约翰挥霍无度。(2) vt. to keep within a certain size, amount, number, place etc. 限制；限定e. g. The country made a decision to limit imports of foreign cars. 那个国家做出决定限制进口外国车辆。There are not many eggs. We must limit ourselves to two eggs each. 鸡蛋不多。我们每人只能限定吃两个。构词解析：limit c. n界限；限制（常用复数形式）vt限制；限定; limited adj.有限的；不充分的; limitless adj. 无限制的；无限的; limitation n.限定；限制5. command(1) c. n. & u. n.命令；控制，控制权；运用能力常用短语：under ones command 在某人控制之下? in command 指挥；控制 in command of 指挥；控制 at ones command 随心所欲的；可供某人使用的e. g. Do it immediately when I give the command. 我一下命令就马上行动。Who is the officer in command here? 这儿谁负责？He is in command of the troop. 这个部队由他指挥。Paul has a good command of English. 保尔英语掌握的很好。He has a large amount of money at his command 他有很多钱可以自由支配。(2) vt. vi.命令；指挥；能自由运用常见用法：command + 名词；command + sb. + to do; command +that + 主语+ （should） + doe. g. The teacher commanded silence. 老师要求大家安静。The police commanded the criminal to stop. 警察命令那个罪犯停下。His father commanded that he (should) stay at home to study. 他的父亲命令他呆在家里学习。The company commands considerable human resources.公司拥用可观的人力资源。注意：command后的that从句要用虚拟语气，即：主语+ should + 动词原形，should 可省。构词解析：command n命令；控制，控制权；运用能力;? vt. vi. 命令；指挥；能自由运用; commander n. 指挥官；司令官；commanding adj.挥挥的；在指挥位置的；有威严的6. switch （1）c. n.开关; 转换; 改变 e. g. There is something wrong with the light switch. 电灯开关坏了。 The switch to a free market economy will not be easy. 向自由市场经济的转变不容易。 （2）vt. vi. to change or exchange转变，改变,开关电器 e. g. Lets switch our seats (over). 让我们交换一下座位吧。 The wind has switched round from north to east. 风向从北转向东了。 Wait until the lights have switched to green.等到（交通）灯变绿。 (3) 常见短语 switch on开（电灯等） e. g. When I switched on the light, I found the room had been robbed. 当我打开电灯时发现房间被洗劫过了。 switch off关（电灯等） e. g. Switch off when you have finished using the computer. 用完电脑时把机关上。 switch over交换位置，完全转变，换（电视、收音机等的）台 e. g. She switched over from laughing at him to supporting him.她从嘲笑转向支持他。 Im tired of this programme; switch (it) over to the other channel.我厌倦了这种节目，换个台吧。注意：这三个短语都可兼作及物动词和不及物动词短语; 都可分开使用，如switch on the light即相当于switch the light on; 当宾语为代词时，要放在它们的中间，如switch it over。构词解析switch c. n.开关; 转换; 改变vt. vi. 转变，改变, 开关电器 switchboard n.电话总机；交换台; switchman n. 扳道工 7. attach vt.系；贴；连接；认为；赋予（重要性）；归结于; 属于常用搭配：attach sth. to sth.e .g He attached a stamp to the envelope and mailed it. 他在信封上贴上邮票然后寄出去。The boat was attached to the tree with a rope. 那只船被用绳子拴在树上。She attaches great importance to regular exercise. 她认为定时锻炼很重要。The school is attached to Beijing Normal University. 这所学校附属于北师大。be attached to喜爱；依恋e. g. He is deeply attached to the old computer.他非常爱惜那台旧电脑。I am strongly attached to my grandmother. 我深深地依恋我的祖母。构词解析attach vt. 系；贴；连接；认为；赋予（重要性）；归结于; attachment n. 安装；附属；附属品；眷恋8. predict vt. 预言；预报e. g. He predicted that I would be a very rich man in the future. 他预言我将来会成为一个很富有的人。Is it possible to predict when one will die? 有可能预言人的死期吗？Most economists(经济学家) predicted an increase in the countrys economy.大多数经济学家预言这个国家的经济会增长。构词解析predict vt. 预言；预报; predictable adj. 可预言的；可预测的；predictably adv. 可预言地；果如预料地; prediction n. 预言；预报8. shape (1) c. n. & u. n.;形状；资态；情况e. g. Supermarkets have plastic bags of different sizes and shapes. 超市有各种尺寸和形状的塑料袋。A hill in Suzhou looks like a lion in shape. 苏州的一座小山看起来像狮子。The patient was in good shape then. 病人那时身体状况很好。常见短语take shape to develop towards completion (思想等)成形；具体化e. g. An idea slowly took shape in his mind. 一个想法慢慢在他脑海里形成了。（2）vt. to make for form使成形;；影响e. g. Thebird shaped its nest from mud and sticks. = The bird shaped the mud and sticks into a nest. 那只鸟用用湿泥和树枝筑巢。The building is shaped like a huge bird nest. 那座建筑形状像是一个巨大的鸟巢。Peoples political beliefs are often shaped by what they read in the newspapers.人们的政治信仰通常是通过他们在报纸上所读的东西形成的。构词解析shape n. ;形状；资态；情况 vt. 使成形; shapeless adj. 没有形状的；难看的；shapelessly adv. 难看地；shapely adj.（尤指女人的体形）好看的；姿态曼妙的第二部分：课文 1. No one knows for sure, and making predictions is a risky business.没有人确切地知道，而且预测是一件冒险的事。 for sure certainly 肯定地 e. g. No one knows for sure what will happen in the future.没有人确切地知道明天会发生什么.We will win, thats for sure. 我们会赢，这是一定的。 2. In the future, care for the environment will become very important as earths natural resources run out.在未来，爱护环境将会非常重要， 因为地球的自然资源面临枯竭。 （1）care u. n. care在此处用作不可数名词， 其作名词时的意义和用法如下： 照料,注意,烦恼, 忧虑, 由.转交 常用短语： take care 小心；保重；take care of 照料；照顾；注意； care of (邮件)由转交 e. g. Take care not to drop the glass. 注意不要把杯子掉在地上。 Whos taking care of the baby while you are all away? 你们都外出时谁来照料婴儿？ He handled the box with care, because he was afraid to break the vase in it.他小心地搬运箱里，怕打碎里面的花瓶。 Care killed a cat. （谚语）忧虑伤身。 The new teacher was worried by all the cares of the class.那位新老师因班级的各种琐事而烦恼。 Address my letter in care of Wang Peng. 我的邮件请由王朋转交。 （2）run out（某物）用完；耗尽; (合同等)到期? 为不及物动词短语，无被动语态。 e. g. Have you finished? Time is running out.做完了吗？ 快没有时间了。 Our petrol has run out. 我们的汽油已用完了。 辨析：run out/ run out ofrun out是不及物动词短语，其后不可接宾语，不可用于被动语态；run out of 为及物动词，其后可接宾语，有被动语态，相当于use up。 e. g. Earths natural resources are running out. 地球的自然资源将要用光了。 We are running our of earths natural resources.我们快要把地球的自然资源用尽了。 Their water ran out soon. 他们的水很快用光了。 Their water was soon run out of.他们的水很快（被）用光了。 3. We will also have to rely on alternative energy, such as solar and wind power.我们也不得不依赖其他能源，如太阳能和风能。 rely on/upon to trust; depend on 信任；依赖 常见用法： rely on sth./sb. 依赖；依靠；相信 rely on (sb.) doing.指望，依靠；相信（某人）会rely on sb. to do sth. 指望，依靠；相信某人会rely on it that相信（某事会） e. g. You may not rely on the weather report. 天气预报不足为信。 Dont rely on the bank lending you the money. 别指望银行会借钱给你。 You can rely on me to help you. (=You can rely on me for help) 你可以依靠我的帮助。 You may rely on it that he will do a good job of it.放心好了，他会做好这件事的。 They rely on the river for their water. 他们用水依赖那条河。 4. To get rid of garbage problems, the city will load huge spaceships with waste materials and send them towards the sun, preventing landfill and environmental problems.为解决垃圾问题，城市将把废物装进巨大的宇宙飞船，然后把它们送往太阳， 以避免出现垃圾填埋问题和环境问题。 get rid of to free oneself from sth. unwanted; to drive, send, throw, or give away or destroy除掉；处理掉；摆脱掉 e. g. These flies are so annoying. Lets get rid of them.这些苍蝇真烦人。消灭它们。 To get rid of garbage is a big problem in many cities. 在很多城市，清理垃圾都是一个大问题。 I havent gotten rid of my nasty cold yet.我的重感冒还没好。 5. In the future all shopping will be done online, and catalogues will have voice commands to place orders.在未来，所有的购物都将在网上进行，而且（商品）目录将通过语音指令订购。 place orders make orders订购 e. g. Our school has placed a large order for Founder Computer.我们学校已订购了大批方正电脑。 I placed an order for a newspaper to be delivered daily. 我订了一份报纸，他们每天给我送。 5. In the future all shopping will be done online, and catalogues will have voice commands to place orders.在未来，所有的购物都将在网上进行，而且（商品）目录将通过语音指令订购。 place orders make orders订购 e. g. Our school has placed a large order for Founder Computer.我们学校已订购了大批方正电脑。 I placed an order for a newspaper to be delivered daily. 我订了一份报纸，他们每天给我送。 6. All forms of recreation, such as cinemas, bowling, softball, concerts and others will be provided free of charge by the city.所有的娱乐形式，如电影，保龄球，垒球，音乐会及其他等等都将由城市免费提供。 free of charge at no cost 免费 e. g. Your order will be delivered free of charge within a ten-mile limit.你订购的产品在十英里范围内免费送货。 All the brochures are given away free of charge. 所有的小册子都是免费赠送的。 拓展： for free 免费 e. g. You can visit the garden for free after 6 p.m.下午六点以后，你可以免费参观这个公园。 7. Distance surgery will become common as doctors carry out operations from thousands of miles away, with each city having its own telesurgery outpatient clinic.随着每个城市拥有自己的远程门诊部，医生将能在数千里以外实施手术，远程手术将变的非常普通。 (1) carry out执行；实施；完成（计划，实验等）；履行（义务，职责等） e. g. A survey is now being carried out nationwide. 一项调查正在全国范围内展开。 This plan sounds good. But its very hard to carry out in practice.这项计划听起来很好。但实际执行起来很困难。 By the end of last month, our factory had carried out its production plan for this year.到上月底，我们厂已完成了今年的生产计划。 As a monitor, you should carry out your duty and help teachers to have discipline in the class.作为班长，你应当履行你的职责，帮老师维持课堂纪律。 拓展 carry on继续 e. g. We can carry on our discussion after lunch.我们可以在午饭后继续讨论。 Even after the bell for class ran, they carried on talking, which made the teacher very angry.甚至在上课铃响后他们仍继续讲话，这使得老师很生气。 carry away拿走；冲走；使失去理智；迷住 e. g. Marry was so carried away when arguing with her husband that she hit him.玛丽在和她的丈夫争吵时丧失了理智，以至于打了他。 I got carried away by the beauty of the music. 我被这美丽的音乐迷住了。 (2). with each city having its own telesurgery outpatient clinic为独立结构，用作伴随状语。其构成为：with + 宾语+ 宾补（现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介词知短语， 不定式等） e. g. He lay still on the floor, with his dog sleeping beside him.他静静地躺在地板上，他的狗睡在旁边。 He went out, without a word spoken.他出去了，一句话也不说。 Dont speak with your mouth full.满嘴食物时不要说话。 What a lonely world it would be with you away.没有你在身边，这个世界将会多么寂寞啊。 He was standing there with his hands in his pockets.他站在那儿，两手插在布袋里。 8. for a start首先e. g. It wont wok: for a start, it would take too long, and secondly it would cost too much. 它不会有效果的；首先，它将花费很长时间，其次，它的代价太高。Tom should not be sent to carry out the task, for a start he hasnt had enough experience.汤姆不应当被派去执行这项任务，首先他没有足够的经验。10. Not all predictions come true.并不是所有的预言都能成为现实。not 与all, every, both连用时，表示部分否定，而非全部否定。e. g. Not all students are good in English. 并不是所有的学生英语都好。Not all the people present at the meeting supported his plan.(=All the people present at the meeting didnt support his plan. )并不是所有出席会议的人都支持他的计划。注意：无论not位于句首还是句中，都表示部分否定。表示全部否定，需用none, neither。e. g. None of them liked the movie.他们都不喜欢这部电影。第三部分：语法 本模块的语法是将来进行时。下面我们就将对其用法进行详细探究。 1. 将来进行时的句型结构 will/shall + be + 现在分词 shall用于第一人称I和we，will可用于各人称。而在美式英语中所有人称都用will。 2. 将来进行时的用法 (1). 表示在将来某一时间段内正在进行的动作。常与at 7 oclock tonight, next year, by this time tomorrow等时间状语连用。有时没有明确的时间状语。 e. g. I will be studying in America next year. 我明年将在美国学习。 By this time tomorrow, I will be lying on the beach. 明天这个时间，我会正躺在沙滩上。 We shall be working in a big modern office building. 我们将在一个很大的现代化办公楼里工作。 (2) 表已经决定或安排好要发生的动作或事情。 e. g. We shall be meeting in Carrifour at 6 oclock this afternoon. 我们定于今天下午六点在家乐福见面。 Tom will be seeing his friend off at the airport tomorrow.汤姆明天将于机场为他的朋友送行。 (3) 预测将来会发生的事情，表将来的某种可能性。 e. g. If we keep working hard like this, we will be making a miracle. 如果我们继续这样努力工作的话，我们会创造奇迹的。 (4) 将来进行时除表示未来以外，还可表示亲切或委婉的语气。 e. g. I shall be thinking of you. 我会想你的。 Will you be staying here long? 你会在长时间呆这儿吗？ 辨析：现在进行时/将来进行时 两者都可以用来表将来的动作。但现在进行时通常用于表示不远的将来的动作，而且有确定的时间，而将来进行时则可以和确定的时间状语连用，也可以不用，既可以表示不远的将来的动作，也可以表示较远的将来的动作。 e. g. We are meeting him tomorrow/ We will be meeting him tomorrow.我们明天将会见到他。 We will be meeting him next year. 我们明年将会见到他。（注意此句不可用进行时，因为明年是较远的将来时间） 第 14 页 共 14 页
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