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虚 拟 语 气 结 集 号The Bssembly of English Subjunctive Mood 让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 听歌学虚拟 If you were the only girl in the worldand I were the only boy!Nothing else would matter in the world todaywe could go on loving in the same old way!A garden of Eden just made for twowith nothing to mar our joyI would say such wonderful things to youthere would be such wonderful things to doIf you were the only girl in the worldand I were the only boy! (byClifford Grey) 一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气三、主语从句中的虚拟语气四、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气五、状语从句中的虚拟语气六、几种特殊的虚拟语气 让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱！1.何为语气？ 语气表示说话人对事物所持的态度,它的语法特征以动词形式表现出来。1）陈述语气 She is very clever.2）祈使语气 Dont be late for the meeting.3）虚拟语气（表示假设的情况、主观愿望等。） If there were no gravity, we would not be able to walk. 让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱！2. 真实条件句 ：真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生。 时态关系句型： 条件从句 主句 一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形If she comes, she will bring her violin.典型例题The volleyball match will be put off if it _. A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained注意： 在真实条件句中，主句不用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it. 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。 3. 非真实（虚拟）条件句 1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。a.同现在事实相反的假设。句型 ： 条件从句主句 一般过去时should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you.让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 时态从 句主 句表示现在过去时(be-were) should+动词原形would +动词原形could +动词原形might +动词原形1.和现在的事实相反 3. 非真实（虚拟）条件句 b.表示与过去事实相反的假设。句型： 条件从句 主句过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. 让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 时态从 句主 句表示过去 had +过去分词should+have+过去分词would +have+过去分词could +have+过去分词might +have+过去分词 c.表示对将来的假想句型： 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 should+ 动词原形 were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 时态从 句主 句表示将来 should+动词原形would +动词原形could +动词原形might +动词原形1)were to+动词原形2)should+动词原形3)动词过去式 条件状语从句主句与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词should/would/could/might + have + 过去分词与现在事实相反 一般过去时(be用were) would/should/could/might + 动词原形与将来事实相反一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形Would/should/cold/might + 动词原形虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式： 让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱规律总结:从句都往过去推一个时态，如:与现在相反的if从句就用过去时;与过去相反用过去完成时(即过去的过去) 特别说明1、l would/should/could/might主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后;would表示结果还表示过去经常常常做某事，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较: If you tried again ，you would succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。 (would表结果) If you tried again， you might succeed. 要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。 (might表可能) If you tried again ，you could succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could表能力) 1.wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的愿 望。其表达形式一般是将从句的谓语动词退后一个时态。例如: 1)与现在事实相反 : wish + (that)+did(were) I wish I were as healthy as you. I wish that I had a plane. 2)与过去事实相反 : wish + (that)+had done I wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish you had written to him. 3)与将来事实相反 : wish + would/could/might+do I wish he would forgive me. did/were(现在) S+wish+that+S+ had done(过去) would/could+do (将来)wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于:hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较:(1) We hope they will come. (We dont know if they can come.) (2) We wish they could come. (We know they are not coming.) 让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 2. 在某些动词后的宾语从句中需用should+动词原形的虚拟语气形式。“should”可以省略。 常见的动词有:建议advise, suggest, propose, recommend倡议advocate命令order, command请求ask, demand, require, request提议move, vote指示direct 督促urge 希望 desire坚持insist 打算intend 安排 arrange 喜好prefer注意: suggest表 暗示表明 时 insist表坚持认为时不用虚拟语气: He insisted that I had read his letter. He insisted that I should read his letter. The doctor suggested that she (should) have an operation at once. He ordered that it (should) be sent back. He urged that they go to Europe. 。 He requires that I (should) appear. I move that we accept the proposal. He arranged that I should go abroad. She desires that he do it. The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 特殊宾语从句中的虚拟语气Would you mind if +S did sth? eg. Would you mind if I smoked here? l would rather后句子用虚拟语气 只分现在和过去。 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon后的that从句中, 句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气， 表示宁愿做什么 ，具体用法为: 一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望 Id rather you went tomorrow (now). 我宁愿你明天(现在)去。 用过去完成时表过去的愿望 Id rather you hadnt said it. 我真希望你没有这样说过。让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 1.I went to bed early last night,but I wish I so.A. didnt do B. hadnt done C.havent done D. couldnt do 2.How I wish every family _a large house with a beautiful garden.A.has B.had C.will had D.had had 3. The teacher ordered that students_. A. mustnt smoke B. not smoke C. smoked D. had smoked4.The teacher demanded that the work _ before 4 oclock. A. finished B. finish C. should finish D. be finished BB BD 考题点击： I am not free today. If I _free today , I _ and visit some of my friends . A. am will go B. were , would go C. shall be D. be , must go2. If my lawyer _ here last Saturday, he _ me from going . A. had been , would have prevented B. had been, would prevent C. were, would prevent D. were, would have prevented3.If I were to see Tom, what _ you _ me to tell him? A. are ,going to ask B. do , ask C. would , ask D. did, askBA C 基本句型： 1. It be+过去分词+that+(should)+动词原形+过去分词：desired, suggested, requested, decided, reported, proposed, ordered, recommended, It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.Its suggested that everybody (should) buy a dictionary. 让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱2. It be+形容词+that+(should)+动词原形+形容词: incredible, surprising, necessary，important，strange，natural， advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, urgent, vital etcIt is necessary that we (should ) have a walk now.Its important that we (should) take good care of the patient. 让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱3. It be+名词（ a pity/a shame/ no wonder） that + (should)+动词原形+（以上两种主语从句，should意为“应该”，“竟然表示惊奇，惋惜，遗憾，重要”等作用。）（以上二三两种主语从句，表示惊奇，惋惜，遗憾，重要等作用。should意为“应该”，“竟然”） 在 advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan, order等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。My suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.1)表语从句:2)同位语从句:I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 考题点击： Is it necessary that he _ the examination? A. takes B. has to take C. must take D. take2. It is strange that he _ you this. A. would tell B. should tell C. had told D. has told3.It was ordered that no smoking _ in the library. A. should allow B. be allowed C. will be allowed D. is allowedDB B 考题点击： His suggestion that you _ once more sounds reasonable. A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try2.He gave an advice that they _ each other. A. helped B. must help C.help D.had helped3.My suggestion is that a few more people _ there to help me.A. be sent B. have sent C. sent D. should sentAC A 1.用在由as if,as though引导的状语从句中，表示和现在事实相反或对现在的怀疑，用过去时；表示过去想象中的动作或情况，用过去完成时;表示将来用would + 动词原形。It seems as if the man were his brother.This device operated as though it had been repaired.He acts as if he knew me. They treat me as though I were a stranger. He talks as if he had been abroad. 注:两点说明(1 ) 从句内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气:It looks as if well be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。(2 ) 注意 It isnt as if的翻译:It isnt as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。 2.用在lest, for fear that和in case引导的状语从句中，这时谓语动词用should+动词原形或动词原形。She walked quietly lest she (should)wake up her roommates.She closed the windows lest she catch cold. 考题点击：1. We felt as if we _ each other for years.A.knew B.were knowingC.had known D.have knowing2. He took away the oxygen tank for fear that it _. A. may explore B.exploded C. explode D.had explodeCC 虚拟倒装句 1.Were it (=If it were) not for their help,we couldnt have got over the difficulties.2.Had I (=If I had) known about it,I would have told you.3.Should anyone (=If anyone should )call,please take a message.What would have happened, _ as far as the river bank? Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk fartherC. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked fartherC考题点击： 虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded. Were it not for the expense, I would go to Britain. Were I a boy, I would join the army.注意:若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。如:我们可以说:Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now. 但不能说:Werent it for the expense, I would go abroad now.让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 If you _ him yesterday, you _ what to do now. asked would knowB. had asked would have knownC. asked him know D. had asked would knowDIf you hadnt bought the ticket last week, how would you go now? 考题点击： 混合型虚拟语气错综时间虚拟条件句 即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整: If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。 You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。 If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在) 3) 介词短语表条件 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with, without, but for。如:What would you do with a million dollars? ( = if you had a million dollars)We couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help. ( = if we hadnt got your help)But for your help, we couldnt have succeeded.Nothing could live without the sun.考题点击：Without your help, we _ such rapid progress.A. couldnt make B. wouldnt makeC. will not have made D. wouldnt have madeD If虚拟条件句的否定(含蓄条件句) 常考两个句型:If it werent for和If it hadnt been for，其意为若不是(有) 要不是。如: If it werent for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。 If it hadnt been for your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeeded. =But for your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeeded. =Without your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeeded.如果没有你的帮助，我们不会成功的。 4）情境中提供虚拟语气含蓄型虚拟语气: 有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来代替条件句。用otherwise、or(or else),even though等表示与上文的情况相反，从而引出虚拟语气。如:I lost your address.Otherwise,I would have visited you long before. I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet. He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. He would have given you more help,but he was too busyHe would lose weight,but he eats too much.让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. Everything taken into consideration, they would have raiser their output quickly. Suppose there were no gravity, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped. She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.考题点击：I went by plane; otherwise I _ much longer time. A.could take B.would take C.will have taken D.would have taken D He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it .（连词）I might have given you more help , but I was too busy .（连词）Given more time, we could have done it better .（分词短语） Such mistakes could have been avoided .（通过上下文） 5) 比较if only与only if （I） if only 与 I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同:If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!*if only 通常独立使用，没有主句。考题点击：If only grandmother _ this together with us now.A. will see B.could see C.must see D.should seeB 5) 比较if only与only if （II） only if 表示“只有”； I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. if only 则表示“如果就好了”。其从句中的谓语动词用过去时或过去完成时。If only I knew more.If only the alarm clock had rung.If only 也可用于陈述语气。If only he comes early. 6) Its (high/low) time 从句：It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed. 类似的结构为 would rather 从句： I would rather you attended the meeting this afternoon.考题点击：It is time that you _ the whole book.A.must go over B.can go overC.went over D.have gone overC （7）虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。如： It would be better for you not to stay up too late. Would you be kind enough to close the door?用于一些习惯表达法中。如： Would you like a cup of tea? I would rather not tell you.表示祝愿话语中也可以用虚拟语气。 May godblessyou.愿上帝保佑你。 May you enjoy many years of health and happiness.祝您健康长寿美满幸福。让所有的花儿都开放，让所有的鸟儿都歌唱 高考链接:1 . I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she , she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come 2 . When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 3. You didnt let me drive. If we in turn, you so tired.A. drove ; didnt get B. drove ; wouldnt getC. were driving ;wouldnt get D. had driven ; wouldnt have got 4.Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night ,too cold for us to live.A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldlyC. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly D CDA 5._ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the meeting. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 6. Janes pale face suggested that she _ ill, and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination.A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has 7. _ for the free tickets, I wouldnt have gone to the films so often.A. If it is not B. Were it notC. Had it not been D. If they were not8.Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. O therwise, she _something.A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have saidBBCD Should Have-Could Have-Would Have （I） by Bobbi Ann Duffy I should have had the courage to stand my ground To be what I wanted to be not what you expected me to be If I could have, I would have been A success in my own eyesInstead of a failure in yours I should have rejected your standards for my life And lived only by my own If I could have, I would have been Happy and strong Instead of miserable and weak 赏诗学虚拟 Should Have-Could Have-Would Have（II） by Bobbi Ann DuffyI should have done what I thought was right Not what you said was right If I could have, I would have Lived a life that had meaning for me Instead of a life filled with empty regrets I should have lived my life for myself Not for you, others, or society If I could have, I would have Enjoyed living and loving Instead of feeling so alone and unfulfilled But in the twilight of life Should Have-Could Have-Would Have （III） by Bobbi Ann Duffy Should haves- Could haves And would haves Do no good because they change nothing And negate the joys I have experienced The love I have shared And the beauty I have seen None of which I am willing to so dishonor. 读唐诗学虚拟望夫石 望夫处，江悠悠，化为石，不回头。 山头日日风复雨，行人归来石应语。 朗读望夫石的英文版，找出虚拟语气Where she awaits her husbandOn and on the river flows.Never looking backTransformed into stoneDay by day upon the mountain top,Wind and rain revolve.Should the journeyer return,This stone would utter speech 读文章学虚拟语气 Now you were in the Pentagon in those days, among other things putting together what later became known as the Pentagon Papers. Do you think the criticism was warranted? If there had been a heavier bombing would it have made much of a difference? I dont know that it would have made a difference in the ultimate outcome of the war, because I think the North Vietnamese and their allies in the South, the Vietcong, were going to fight as long as necessary to drive out any foreign power. The force of nationalism was that strong. But I think it would have made a difference in the military campaign. I think what the military was saying was militarily correctthat we could have done much more damage and made it much more difficult for the North Vietnamese to adjust with a more all-out bombing campaign.
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