动词不定式的用法

动词不定式的用法 涡阳陈大中心校 张玲1不定式的基本形式与结构动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外，没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2不定式的用法1)不定式结构作主语1.Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago2.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如：1.It made him extremely happy to get contact withhis family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago2.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb. to do sth. 结构表达：1.It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review2.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind， naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：1.It is very kind of you to tell me the truth2.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式， 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。及物动词+带to的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有: afford， agree， aim， appear， ask， believe， care，claim，decide ,demand， desire， determine， expect， fail， happen， hesitate， hope， intend， learn， long， manage， offer， pretend， promise， prepare， refuse， seek， swear， undertake，want， wish等。1.He managed to solve the complicated problem.2.The stranger offered to show me the way.3.Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：这类动词常见的有advise， decide， find out， forget， inquire， know， learn， see， regard， remember， teach， tell， understand， wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what， when， where， which， how， whether等。1.He does not know when to start.2.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.3.I will show you how to deal with it.有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find， think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。1.She considers it necessary to make friends with him.2.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 oclock.3)不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)；表语也是不定式(表示结果)：1.To see is to believe.2.To work means to earn a living另一种情况为主语是以aim，duty，hope， idea，job， plan，problem， purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用。例如：1.His aim is to study abroad in the near future2.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price3.What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience4)不定式作定语不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：1.There was really nothing to fear2.He gave me an interesting book to read如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：1.Mary needs a friend to play with2.That girl has nothing to worry about3.They have a strict teacher to listen to4.Although the film had been on for ten minutes， I still was not able to find a chair to sit on第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如：1.Have you got a key to unlock the door?2.The action to be taken is correct3.There is nothing to be gained by pretending第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability， attempt， effort， impulse， inclination，wish等。例如：1.Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her2.Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：1.They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area2.They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area3.He was lucky to arrive before dark4.He was lucky because he arrived before dark作目的状语：1.She raised her voice to be heared better2.She raised her voice so that she could heard better3.We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam4.We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam作结果状语：1.The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians2.The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians3.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone4.He got to the station and was told that the train had gone不带to的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：1) 在cancould， /maymight，willwould，shallshould，must， need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see初中英语语法总结，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，let，make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：1.I often heard him say that he would study hard2.I must have him seehis own mistakes但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：1.He was often heard to say that he would study hard2.After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如：1.Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.4) 在had better，would rather，maymight as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to。例如：1.Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight2.She could not but criticizehis foolish behaviour.5) 在make do，make believe，let drop，1et fall，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如：1.They let go of the rope他们松开了绳子。2.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。3.Ive heard tell of him我听说过他。4.Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students由于生源不足，一些教职员工被解雇了。6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不，只能”。例如：1.He will do anything except work on the farm2.There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender3.The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in4.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如：I can not but admirehis courage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：I did nothing but watch TV last night如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to：I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Why stand up if you can sit down?Why not ask your teacher when you dont understand the meaning?You neednt decide yet whether to study arts or science4不定式的完成式和进行式1)构成完成式：to+ have done进行式：to+ be doing2)用法完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动作之前，那么不定式就要用其完成式。进行式：如果主要谓语动作(情况)发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，那么不定式就要用其进行式。例如：1.She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline2.The Vikings are believed to have discovered America3.When you called me last night， I happened to be working on the computer5不定式的被动形式当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：1.For twelve years， Spanish censorship did not allow Lorcas name to be mentioned andhis work to be published2.The snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain6不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如：1.I decided not to ask him again2.Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are out