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非 谓 语 动 词 一. 不定式1.不定式的形式不定式保留了动词的一些特征，有时态和语态的变化一般式表示动作通常与谓语动词同时发生或在其后发生完成式表示动作先于谓语动词发生进行式表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生不定式的主动式表示其逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的执行者，而被动式则是其动作的承受者 1. I hope to finish reading the booktonight. 我希望今晚看完这本书。2. He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。 I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起，给你添了这么多麻烦。 She asked to be sent to teach in the countryside. 她要求被派到农村教学。 注意： 当不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，或不定式作表语形容词的状语，且与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。1. You need a pair of gloves to wear. 你需要带一副手套。2. He is a man easy to get on with. 他是一个容易相处的人。 2.不定式作宾语不定式一般作动词的宾语，“疑问句+不定式”结构可作介词的宾语。常跟不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, want , wish等。1.He has determined to settle down in the countryside.2.His parents managed to send him to study abroad. 3.We are talking about how to overcome the present difficulties. 3.不定式作定语 不定式作定语通常放在被修饰词的后面。一般当中心词为序数词，最高级，the last，the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时多用不定式作定语。作定语的不定式若是不及物动词，还需要带有与之搭配的相应介词。1.I should take something to read on the plane.2.At last he had a chance to go abroad. 3.She was the only one to survive the air crash. 4.I am looking for a room to live in. 4.不定式作状语不定式作状语主要表示原因、结果、目的等。作目的的状语时可位于句首或句末，作原因和结果状语多位于句末。1.She burst into laughter to see his funny action.2.He woke up to find everybody gone.3.To explain more clearly, I will show you the pictures.注意：so as to 作目的状语不可以位于句首，to 和in order to 可以。 He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. 5.不定式作宾语补足语作宾语补足语时，一些动词后跟带to的不定式，一些动词后跟不带to的不定式。后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有advise , allow , permit , tell , persuade , expect , forbid , ask , want , force , wish 等。跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词多是感官动词或使役动词，有see , hear , notice , smell , feel , make , let , have 等。1.Our English teacher advised us to pay enough attention to our spoken English.2.Who can persuade him to give up that foolish idea?3.Someone saw a stranger walk into his room. 4.The mother let the children wash their hands before eating meals. 6.不定式的省略（1）不定式在hope , intend , plan , mean , want , wish 等动词后作宾语，在ask , advised , persuade , allow , tell等后作补语或与be able to , be going to , have to , used to 等一起构成复合谓语时，常省略与上文相同的动词，只保留符号to。1.Did you buy milk? No . I meant to , but the shop was shut.2.She wanted to come to the party , but her parents didn t allow her to. 3.I don t want to wait for him , but I have to. (2)不定式在cannot but , why (not) 等后或在感官，使役动词后作补足语时常省略to。1.Why not join us in the discussion?2.They made that man work for them.注意： 介词but , expect 后作宾语或be动词后作表语的不定式，如果前面有do动词，也常省略to。1.He could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.2.All I did was hit him on the head. 二、动名词1.动名词的形式动名词有时态，语态的变化。一般式表示的动作可在谓语动词之前，之后或同时发生，而完成式则强调动作在谓语动词之前发生；当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词的动作对象时，动名词用被动形式。1.We had a good time in dancing with them.2.Doctors advise giving up smoking.3.I apologize for having made such a terrible mistake. 4.She was afraid of being criticized. 2.动名词作宾语常见的只接动名词作宾语的动词有advise , admit , avoid , delay , enjoy , finish , imagine , mind , consider , appreciate , miss , risk , practice , allow , mention 等。1.She enjoys watching TV at night.2.My parents consider sending me abroad to study.3.He didnt mention being praised at the meeting. 注意： 当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，需要在动名词前加 上形容词性物主代词或名词所有格充当其逻辑主语。1.His coming made me very happy.2.I can t imagine Mary s marrying such a young man. 三 、分词分词兼有动词，形容词及副词的特征，包括现在分词与过去分词两种。现在分词一般表示主动，正在进行，其完成式表示先于谓语动词发生的动作；过去分词一般表示被动，完成。它们在句中可以作表语，状语，定语与补语。1.分词作状语分词作状语可以表示时间，原因，结果，方式或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。句子主语是分词表示的动词的执行者，用现在分词；若是承受者，则用过去分词。 1.Having finished his homework , the boy was allowed to watch TV play.(时间）2.Not knowing his phone number , I could not get in touch with him.(原因）3.We opened the window , letting the fresh air in.（结果）4.The children ran out of the room , laughing and talking merrily.（伴随）5.Holding his head high , he walked past the enemies.（方式）6.Asked about his family , he made no answer.（时间）7.Praised by the neighbours , he became the pride of his parents. （原因）8.Given more time , he could have done the work much better .（条件）9.The soldiers lay on the ground , covered with nothing.（方式）10.The prisoners worked on the farm , watched by the guard.（伴随） 2.分词作定语单个分词作定语一般前置，分词短语作定语一般后置。现在分词作定语表示主动，进行或是与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；过去分词作定语表示被动，完成，但不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成不表示被动。1.The sleeping baby is my sister s son.2.They are both retired teachers. 3.The men working here are all from the rural areas. 4.The polluted river gives out a terrible smell. 5.Professor Zhang is the guest invited by my parents. 3. 分词作表语现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征；过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态或感受。1.The argument is very convincing.2.His father was satisfied with his answer.4.分词作补语现在分词作补语说明宾语执行的动作正在进行；过去分词作补语表示动作的被动性或完成性。 1.I noticed a group of children playing football on the playground. 2.He felt himself cheated.3.When she returned home , she found her necklace gone. 四、非谓语动词的区别1.动名词和不定式作主语的区别作主语时，动名词表示的动作一般是抽象的 、习惯性的 ，意义上通常表示一件已知的事或经验；不定式一般是具体的、一次性的动作，意义上通常表示一件未完成的事或目的。二者均可用it作形式主语代替。1.Smoking is not a good habit.2.It is not very good for you to smoke so much.3.Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring. 4.His wish is to get the doctor s degree in two years.5.It is no use arguing with such a person. 2.动名词和不定式作宾语的区别有些动词后只能接不定式作宾语，有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语。有些动词接不定式和动名词均可，且意义差别不大，如like , hate , begin , start , prefer , continue 等。还有些动词后接不定式或动名词均可，但意义差别很大。常用的有：forget to do 忘记要做某事forget doing 忘记做过某事remember to do 记得去做某事remember doing 记得做过某事 regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾regret doing 对做过的事表示遗憾、后悔go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做go on doing 继续做原来的事 try to do 努力、企图做某事 try doing 试验、试着做某事mean to do 打算做某事mean doing 意味着某事1.I forgot to lock the door.2.I forgot to locking the door.3.I regretted to tell him the news.4.I regretted telling him the news. 3.非谓语动词作定语的区别不定式作定语多表示将来的动作；动名词作定语表示所修饰的名词的用途或作用；现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作；过去分词作定语表示被动或完成的动作 The problem to be discussed tomorrow is of great interest. I saw him just now in the reading room. He rushed into the burning house. 1. They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard. 4.感官或使役动词后用不定式和分词作补足语的区别用不定式只说明宾语执行的一个动作，侧重整个过程；用现在分词说明宾语执行的动作正在进行；用过去分词则表示动作的被动或完成1.The had seen her grow up from childhood. They knew her quite well.2.The beggar lay there and saw people coming and going.3.I want to have this matter settled immediately.5. 不定式和分词作状语的区别 作状语时，不定式与句子之间存在逻辑上的主动关系，可作目的，原因，结果状语；过去分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，往往表示完成，可作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状语。 1.Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.2.Seeing those pictures , he could not help thinking of his former teacher.3.The teacher came into the lab , followed by some students.注意：作结果状语时，不定式常表示出乎意料的结果，分往往表示顺其自然的结果。 五、独立主格结构独立主格结构的构成是“名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/ 介词短语”。独立主格结构可以作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状语等。1.The manager being ill , Bob is in charge of the company.（原因状语）2.Enough time given , we would have done the job much better.（条件状语）3.Nobody to come tomorrow , we will have to put off the meeting till next week.（条件状语） 4.He sat there , his eyes on her back.（伴随状语）5.She stood in the front row , her mouth half locked.（方式状语） Thanks for you watching!Produced by: Ms.Luo
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