语法篇专题非谓语动词

专题九 非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的定义非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。 二、非谓语动词的句法功能 成分形式 主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式 动名词 分词 【考点一】考查非谓语动词的时态和语态 非谓语动词时态主动语态被动语态 动词不定式 一般时(表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生, 或在其后发生) to do to be done进行时(表示动作和谓语动作同时发生) to be doing完成时(表示动作发生在谓语动作之前) to have done to havebeen done 动名词一般时(通常表示一般性的动作或与谓语动作同时发生) doing being done 完成时(动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前) having done having been done 现在分词 一般时(表示分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生) doing being done完成时(表示分词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前) having done having been done过去分词过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化done She regrets not having studied the computer hard. Having done their homework, the boy went home.They stood there, talking.I am used to watching TV in the evening. He is said to be playing a part in the film.The novel was said to have been published.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness. 【考点二】考查非谓语动词用作主语(1)不定式作主语：侧重于动作的具体性和将来性，还可以用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。一般用it作形式主语，主语的不定式短语后置。(2)动名词作主语：通常表示抽象动作，还可以表示一件已知的事或经验。动词-ing形式作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。注意：动名词作主语时，常用it作形式主语，用于以下句型：It is no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a good pleasure . +doingIt is useless/good/worthwhile . +doing It is not very good for you to smoke so much.（具体）It took me only five minutes to finish the job. It is fun playing chess with Jack.I dont mind Jack (him) going.Their coming to help was a great.There is no denying that she is very efficient. 【考点三】考查非谓语动词用作状语(1)不定式作状语不定式作目的状语：in order (not) to（可放在句首,也可放在句中）；so as (not) to（只能放在句中）。不定式作结果状语（出人意料的结果）：too .to, enough to, （only） to, so + adj./adv.+as to等。“Can the project be finished as planned?” “Sure, to get it completed in time, well work two more hours a day.” He hurried to the station （only） to find that the train had left. 不定式作原因状语：用在表示心理感觉的形容词后，说明产生这种情绪的原因。Im very glad to see you. (2)现在分词作状语分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果(顺其自然的结果)、让步、伴随或方式等状语。现在分词无论作何种状语，它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，句子的主语可能是分词动作的执行者，也可能是分词动作的承受者。在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中，分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。常用结构：generally/strictly/honestly.+speakingjudging from./talking of./allowing for.considering/seeing/supposing that.Talking of the computer, I like it very much. Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning. 【考点四】考查非谓语动词用作定语(1)动名词作定语 动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，表示名词的功能或用途。单个的动名词作定语，放在被修饰的词前；动名词短语作定语，放在被修饰的词后。 (2)分词作定语现在分词作定语，表示主动意义，它与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系，表示动作正在进行。过去分词作定语，它的逻辑主语就是所修饰的词，有以下三个特点：a. 及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语之间是被动关系，所表示的时间概念是已完成的；b. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成，与它所修饰的名词之间没有被动关系；c. 有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语，表面是修饰它后面的名词，但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词之间没有被动关系。(3)不定式作定语动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。表示即将发生的情况； 注意：如果不定式与它所修饰的词之间是动宾关系，而这个不定式又是不及物动词，它后面应有必要的介词。 不定式说明所修饰名词的内容。We have made a plan to finish the work.被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级形式或next, second, last, only，not a，the等限定词时，只能用不定式。He is the first to get here. 不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式作定语。(4)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew. 【考点五】考查非谓语动词用作宾语1. 动词不定式作宾语(1)跟不定式作宾语的常见动词:hope, want , expect, wish, desire等表示希望、想要的动词。 like, love, dislike ,hate等表示好恶的动词。plan, intend, mean, prepare等表示计划、打算的动词。 decide, determine 等表示决定的动词。(2)常跟“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的动词(组):tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain等。2. 动名词作动词宾语（1）跟动名词作宾语的动词或短语，可用下面的口诀来帮助记忆：考虑建议盼原谅(consider/suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon,etc)承认推迟没得想（admit, delay/put off, fancy,etc）避免错过继续练（avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice,etc）否认完成停能赏（deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate,etc）不禁介意准逃亡（cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape,etc）不准冒险凭想象（forbid, risk, imagine,etc）I dont allow smoking in my room.Would you mind opening the window for me?Im looking forward to having the summer holiday in Kunming.（2）有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。此类用法的动词短 语有：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth.,devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, stick to, be worth, cant stand , cant help等。（3）动名词作介词宾语：介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语，只能是动名词，不可用不定式。要注意与介词to有关的短语：look forward to, devote.to, get used to, pay attention to, stick to, on ones way to.等。3. 动名词与不定式作宾语的区别remember to do/doing记得去做/记得做过regret to do/doing遗憾地(说)/后悔try to do/doing 尽力做/试着做mean to do/doing 计划,打算做/意味着go on to do/doing继续做一件不同的事/继续做同一件事forget to do/doing忘了要做某事/忘了做过某事stop to do/doing停下来做另一件事/停止做某事 【考点六】考查非谓语动词用作表语(1)动词不定式作表语 表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。Her wishes was to become an artist. 表示按计划和安排发生的事情。He is to marry Rose.表示情态意义(应该；必须)。The form is to be filled in and returned within a week.(2)动名词作表语 动名词作表语起名词的作用，表示主语的内容，这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。The nurses job is looking after the patients.=Looking after the patients is the nurses job.(3)动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语，没有太大区别。在表示经常的习惯性动作时，多用动名词，在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。Their job is building houses.Our task now is to increase food production.(4)分词作表语现在分词作表语起形容词的作用，说明主语的特征及主语所具 备的动作功能。常意为“使(令)怎样”。 The news is very disappointing.过去分词作表语，相当于形容词，说明主语的状态。The glass is broken.(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词，主要区别是：被动语态强调所发生的动作;系表结构强调的是主语的特点或状态。The cup was broken by my little brother.(被动语态)The cup is broken. (系表结构) 【考点七】考查感使动词+宾语+宾语补足语1. 感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice, smell等词的补足语往往有四种形式。以see为例：（1）see +宾语+do 看见做了（2）see +宾语+doing看见正在做（3）see +宾语+done 看见被做（4）see +宾语+being done看见正在被做 On the top of the hill，he could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the villageThe missing boys were last seen playing near the river. 2. 使役动词have/let/make的常用结构如下：（1）have/let/make+sb.+do 让某人做某事（2）have/let/make+sth.+done 使某事被做（由别人去做）（3）get sb. to do迫使某人做某事；让某人做某事（4）have sb./sth. doing 使某人或某事一直I will have my bike repaired tomorrow.He made me work 12 hours a day. 【考点八】考查分词的独立主格结构 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则，就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语（名词或主格代词）的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句;表示伴随方式时，相当 于一个并列句。 Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic.表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。Nobody (being) in, I didnt enter the hall.表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用“with宾语宾语补足语”的结构来替换。He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 1. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ from the library. (2010全国)A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing解析：选C。考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：怀特夫人给学生们展示了一些从图书馆借来的旧地图。old maps与borrow之间是被动关系，borrowed表示被动或完成，符合语境。2. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad. (2010全国)A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought解析：选B。考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：父亲节将要到来，为了给爸爸买礼物,我已经从银行取了一些钱。非谓语动词中不定式作目的状语。3. Though _ to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome.(2010全国)A. surprising B. was surprised C. surprised D. being surprised 解析：选C。句意为：尽管教授看到我们很惊讶，但还是热情地欢迎了我们。though引导让步状语从句，其后省略了he was。 surprised多指“某人对某事感到惊讶”。4. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues _ with her stories. (2010上海)A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused解析：选A。考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。句意为：Lucy很有幽默感，总是讲故事给她的同事们消遣。colleagues与amused 之间为逻辑上的被动关系。5._ the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.(2010上海)A. Approaching B. ApproachedC. To approachD. To be approached解析：选A。考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：接近市中心时，我们看到了一座大约10米高的石雕。由语境可知，逗号前的部分为时间状语；approach与其逻辑主语we之间是主动关系。6. That is the only way we can imagine_ the overuse of water in students bathrooms. (2010上海)A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce 解析：选B。考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：这是我们能想到的减少学生们在浴室内过度用水的唯一办法。动词不定式作定语修饰名词短语the only way。the way to do sth.表示“做的途径、方式”。7. He had a wonderful childhood,_ with his mother to all corners of the world.(2010安徽)A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling解析：选D。考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：他有一个快乐的童年，那时他跟着他的母亲周游世界。主语he与动词travel之间为逻辑上的主动关系。8. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, _ supplies to Yushu， Qinghai Province after the earthquake.(2010福建)A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent解析：选A。考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：地震之后，许多救援工人正在夜以继日地工作，为青海玉树地区发送物资。动词send 和主语workers构成主谓关系，因此用现在分词形式作伴随状语。 9. Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.(2010湖南)A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle解析：选C。考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：Dina奋斗了几个月的时间想找份服务员的工作，终于在一家当地的广告公司找到了一份工作。Dina与struggle之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，且struggle发生在take之前，故用现在分词的完成时态作定语。10. So far nobody has claimed the money_ in the library. (2010湖南)A.Discovered B. to be discoveredC. Discovering D. having discovered解析：选A。考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：目前为止，没有人来认领图书馆里发现的钱。money和discover之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。11. The lady walked around the shops,_ an eye out for bargains. (2010江西) A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep解析：选C。考查非谓语动词作伴随状语。句意为：这位女士在商 店周围闲逛，注意看有没有特价商品。句子主语lady和keep 之间是主动关系，keeping an eye out for bargains为现在分词短语作伴随状语。12. There were many talented actors out there just waiting _.(2010江西)A. to discover B. to be discoveredC. discovered D. being discovered解析：选B。考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：很多有才华的演员等待被发现。动词不定式作目的状语，且actors与discover之间是被动关系。13. We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.(2010辽宁)A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found解析：选B。考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：我们吃惊地发现那座庙仍然还是原来的状况。be astonished 后应该跟动词不定式作原 因状语。 14. Its no use having ideas only. Dont worry. Peter can show you _ to turn an idea into an act.(2010辽宁)A. how B. who C. what D. where解析：选A。考查“疑问词+不定式”的用法。句意为：光有主意是没用的。不用担心，彼特可以教你怎样把主意转变为行动。虽然四个词都可以和动词不定式连用，但是意义不同。how表示“怎样”，强调方式；who和what是连接代词，一般在不定式短语中作宾语，此句中动词不定式有宾语，不再需要宾语，所以排除；where强调地点，与上句不对应。由句意可知，此处表示“如何”，故选A。15. Alexander tried to get his work _ in the medical circles.(2010辽宁)A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized解析：选D。考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。句意为：亚历山大试图让他的工作在医学领域得到认可。宾语work和recognize之间为被 动关系。16. _ at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.(2010北京) A.Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked解析：选A。考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：看着同学们的面孔，我从他们眼中读出了同样的兴奋。looking at my classmates faces与句子主语I之间为逻辑上的主动关系。17. Im calling to enquire about the position _ in yesterdays China Daily.(2010北京)A. advertised B. to be advertisedC. advertising D. having advertised解析：选A。考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：我打电话来咨询一下昨天中国日报上刊登职位的信息。the position和advertise之间是被动关系，此处的分词可以理解为一个定语从句which was advertised。18. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term.(2010山东)A.completing B. to completeC. completed D. being completed 解析：选B。考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：这个学期结束前，我有很多阅读练习要完成。由于时间状语before the end of this term表达未来的时间，所以空格处使用动词不定式表示将来，充当readings的定语。19. _ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. (2010陕西)A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see解析：选A。考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：从塔顶往下看，南边的山脚下是一片树的海洋。动词see与句子的主语the south foot之间为被动关系，故用过去分词。20. His first book _ next month is based on a true story.(2010陕西)A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published解析：选B。考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：他的第一本书下个月将出版，这本书是基于一个真实的故事写的。由时间状语next month可知，所填非谓语动词表示将来的动作，故用动词不定式；publish与book之间是被动关系。21. A great number of students _ said they were forced to practise the piano. (2010四川)A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning 解析：选C。考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：许多被调查的学生说：他们是被迫练习弹钢琴的。question与students之间是被动关系，question表示的动作也已完成，故用过去分词。22. In many peoples opinion, _ that company, though relatively small, is pleasant .(2010四川)A. to deal with B. dealing withC. to be dealt with D. dealt with解析：选A。考查动词不定式的用法。句意为：许多人看来，尽管那家公司相对比较很小，但与之合作却令人愉快。某些形容词后经常用不定式的主动形式表被动;不定式动作和句子的主语存在动宾关系。23. The lawyer listened with full attention, _ to miss any point.(2010四川)A. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try解析：选B。考查非谓语动词作伴随状语及非谓语动词的否定式的 用法。句意为：这名律师全神贯注的听着，尽量不错过任何要点。句中listen和try not to miss为同时进行的动作，故用现在分词的一般式作伴随状语，动词不定式的否定形式要在to前加not。 24. It rained heavily in the south， _ serious flooding in several provinces. (2010天津)A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 解析：选C。考查非谓语动词作结果状语。句意为：南方下了大雨，导致几个省份出现严重洪灾。空格后serious flooding是rained heavily导致的后果，且句子主语it和cause之间存在主动关系，所以此处用动词的现在分词形式作结果状语。25. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. (2010浙江)A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing解析：选D。考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：交通法则规定四岁以下以及体重不超过四十磅的儿童必须坐在儿童安全座椅里。动词weigh与名词children之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用现在分词作定语。