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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,Clique para editar o estilo do ttulo mestre,Clique para editar os estilos do texto mestre,Segundo nvel,Terceiro nvel,Quarto nvel,Quinto nvel,*,*,*,Clique para editar o estilo do ttulo mestre,Clique para editar os estilos do texto mestre,Segundo nvel,Terceiro nvel,Quarto nvel,Quinto nvel,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Page,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,Page,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,语言(yyn)习得过程,第一页，共49页。,Introduction,This chapter examines the question of how language is acquired.One way to think about the factors that play a role in language acquisition is to identify necessary and sufficient conditons.,A necessary condition,is one that must be present in order for language to occur in a normal way.,A sufficient condition,is one that,if present,ensures that language will develop normally.,Three classes of variables have been proposed as necessary or sufficient conditions for language acquisition.,environmental,cognitive,innate factors,必要条件(b yo tio jin)是指在正常条件下语言习得所必须具备的条件。,充分条件是指能够确保语言正常发展的条件。,一种复杂(fz)的行为所需要的充分条件一定是多样化的，它或许具备多种必要条件，但都不是充分条件，即都不能确保语言的顺利发展。,第二页，共49页。,1,The Linguistic Environment,2,Cognitive Processes,3,Innate Mechanisms,第三页，共49页。,1,2,3,The Linguistic Environment,4,Feral and Isolated Children,The Critical Hypothesis,Motherese,Summary,第四页，共49页。,Heredity versus environment,Nature versus nurture,Argument,What is most responsible for for our knowledge and behavior,our biological predispositions or the shaping done by our environments?,Is exposure to language needed for language acquisition?,Does the exposure have to be within a particular time frame?,What types of language input are most useful?,Environment,第五页，共49页。,This is an example text.,The relation between the seech asjustments adults make and childrens language development,Go ahead and replace it with your own text.,PPT宝藏(bo zng),从那时起到13岁，她完全被隔离。,Go ahead and replace it with your own text.,Go ahead and replace it with your own text.,单击此处添加(tin ji)标题,This is an example text.,What types of language input are most useful?,The Linguistic Environment,Go ahead and replace it with your own text.,单击此处添加段落文字内容,Innate Mechanisms,单击此处添加段落文字内容,This is an example text.,Feral and Isolated Children,Feral children are those who have grown up in the wild.,E.g.Lane(1976),Victor(in the wood of France in 1797),at the age of 12 when he was captured and later came to the attention of Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard.,Hearing was normal,Utter some sounds,Have no speech,training for 5 years by using techniques of language training and behavior modification,Develop a gestural communication systems,Associate a particular name with a particular object,rather than with a class of objects,第六页，共49页。,Isolated Children,第一个孩子出生后，残忍的父亲不能容忍孩子的哭声，就将婴儿(yng r)扔到汽车房，两个月后婴儿(yng r)死于肺炎,第二个孩子据说(j shu)因为呼吸道中的黏液没有排清而窒息，出生后第二天就死去了,Isolated children are those who grow up with extremely limited hunman contact.,The best example is a girl called Genie who experienced extreme social and physical.,第三个孩子三岁时被祖母(zm)救出抚养，现在还活着,吉妮是第四个孩子，她没能得到祖母的帮助，在她出生后不久，祖母就被汽车撞死了。,吉妮出生20个月后，全家移居到祖母的房子。从那时起到13岁，她完全被隔离。赤裸的身上套着父亲做的套具，天天坐在一个不显眼的固定位置上，除了仅仅可以移动手脚外没有任何事情可做。到了晚上，如果她没有被忘记的话，就被塞进一个狭窄的硬套，然后关入一个小铁笼里，再用布将笼子盖上。她经常挨饿。如果她发出任何声音，老头马上打他。,第七页，共49页。,训练前后(qinhu)的情况,训练(xnlin)前,训练(xnlin)后,语言的接触很少,严重营养不良,没有语言技能,语音上：语调适合而且还有许多语音的替代,语义上：发展很快,获得一定的语言，但是发展很不均衡,句法上：缓慢，很少语法词，没有复杂的句法手段,Genie,的句法发展极其缓慢，只掌握了少量的语法词素，完全没有掌握复杂句法手段,(,如从句,),，只是把实词穿在一起，虽然能够表达基本意义，但几乎无任何语法结构可言。例如,:,(1)I like music ice cream truck.(Carrol 1999),Genie,有时使用基本的句法手段表达一些微妙而复杂的思想，这表明她的认知发展超过了语言发展。例如,:,(2)Think about Mama love Genie.(Carrol 1999),第八页，共49页。,PPT宝藏(bo zng),虽然Genie用的是右手(yushu)，但是她却用右脑来进行语言加工,人的左脑支配右半身的神经和器官，是理解语言(yyn)的中枢，主要完成语言(yyn)、分析、逻辑、代数的思考、认识和行为。也就是说，左脑进行的是有条不紊的条理化思维，即逻辑思维。,右脑支配左半身的神经和器官，是一个没有语言中枢的哑脑。但右脑具有接受音乐的中枢，负责可视的、综合的、几何的、绘画的思考行为。观赏绘画、欣赏音乐、凭直觉观察事物、纵览全局这都是右脑的功能。,Curtiss and colleagues(1947)speculate that Genies left hemisphere might have suffered functional atrophyfrom lack of use,forcing her to acquire language with the right hemisphere.,第九页，共49页。,It is clear from these two instances that the overall prognosis for acquiring language after proloned isolation from other humans is quite bleak.,外界对儿童的忽视或虐待可妨碍语言(yyn)的发展，这说明接触语言(yyn)是正常语言(yyn)发展的前提条件。,Summary,第十页，共49页。,Although these reports leave many questions unanswered,there are consistent with notion that children must be exposed to language early in life to develop properly,The Critical Period Hypothesis,The Critical Period Hypothesis(Lenneberg),There is a period early in life in which we are especially prepared to acquire a language,Strong version:children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subse
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