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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,2024/11/29,1,心脏性猝死及,ICD,防治,2024/11/29,2,一、心脏性猝死的新概念,2024/11/29,3,1,National Vital Statistics Report,Vol 49(11),Oct.12,2001,2,MMWR,.State-specific mortality from sudden,cardiac death US 1999.Feb 15,2002;51:123-126,.,1.5%,19.1%,心性猝死,23%,肿瘤,20.2%,其他,11.2%,心脏病,猝死定义:,各种原因引发的急性症状,出现,1h,内,的死亡。,心脏性猝死占总死亡的,15%,20%,根据该定义,猝死的生还者很难界定,也很难与心源性晕厥相区别,引起死亡的疾病分布,心脏性猝死,(传统),2024/11/29,4,心脏性猝死的新概念:,(,2006,年,ACC/AHA/ESC,),有效血流的突然丧失,导致的意识立即丧失,若不被治疗就会立即死亡,根据这一定义,可以推出,:,(,1,),经治疗生命获救者,称为,猝死生还者,,成为,有心脏性猝死病史者;,(,2,)意识自行恢复者称为晕厥或心源性晕厥,心脏性猝死的新概念,2024/11/29,5,心性晕厥:,是指意识突然暂短丧失,全身肌张力消失,不经治疗短时间内意识自行回复者,心性猝死与心性晕厥的比较,:,相同点:均有意识丧失,均与心脏有关,不同点:,意识丧失,+,抢救,意识丧失,+,自行恢复,(晕厥),不成功:猝死者,成功:生还者,心脏性猝死与晕厥的区别,2024/11/29,6,心脏骤停和猝死的临床分型,1.,原发性:,不管潜在疾病的临床程度如何,从来未发生过心脏骤停患者,发生为无急性疾病时(,AMI,)触发时,也称原发性心律失常性猝死,2.,继发性:,先前发生过心脏骤停或等同事件的生还者,2024/11/29,7,二、猝死的流行病学,2024/11/29,8,1.,发生率:,欧美,35,岁者,年发生率,0.1%0.2%,根据这一发生率:中国总数,130260,万,/,年,美国每年,45,万,每分钟,1,人猝死,中国每年,130,万,每分钟,3,人猝死,猝死的流行病学,2024/11/29,9,1,National Vital Statistics Report,Vol 49(11),Oct.12,2001,2,MMWR,.State-specific mortality from sudden,cardiac death US 1999.Feb 15,2002;51:123-126,.,1.5%,19.1%,心性猝死,23%,肿瘤,20.2%,其他,11.2%,心脏病,2.,猝死与心脏性猝死,猝死是医学面临的最严峻挑战,猝死占总死亡的,15%20%,,,严重 威胁着人类的生命安全,引起死亡的疾病分布,猝死的流行病学,2024/11/29,10,心性猝死是人类猝死的主要原因,Framingham,长达,26,年的前瞻性研究结果表明,猝死中,75%,为心性猝死。说明心性猝死是人类生命的直接杀手美国每年猝死人数近,35,万,,,平均存活率仅,5,猝死的流行病学,2024/11/29,11,Albert CM.,Circulation,.2003;107:2096-2101,.,心性猝死绝大多数为心律失常性猝死,88,心律失常,12,其他心脏病,心性猝死的原因,83%,恶性室性,心律失常,17%,缓慢性,心律失常,心律失常性猝死,猝死的流行病学,2024/11/29,12,心脏性猝死是美国死亡的主要原因,0,5,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,5,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,5,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,I,乳腺癌,卒中,心脏性猝死,艾滋病,肺癌,猝死流行病学,3,、猝死发生率有增高趋势,2024/11/29,13,美国猝死的发病情况,1,U.S.Census Bureau,Statistical Abstract of the United States,:,2001,.,2,American Cancer Society,Inc.,Surveillance Research,Cancer Facts and Figures,2001,.,3,2002,Heart and Stroke Statistical Update,American Heart Association.,4,Zheng Z.,Circulation,.2001;104:2158-2163.,AIDS,1,乳腺癌,2,肺癌,2,中风,3,猝死,450,000,167,366,157,400,40,600,42,156,猝死流行病学,2024/11/29,14,猝死的流行病学,遗传性心律失常猝死的特征,1.,发病率增高,:占猝死,10%,15%,20%25%30%,例:,Brugada,综合征在东南亚国家,除交通事故外,是男性青壮年,猝死的第二位病因,2.,猝死年龄低,:多数小于,40,岁,社会影响大,3.,反复发生,:基础病因持续存在,或进行性加重,4.,家族聚集性,:易造成恐慌,5.,药物治疗效果差,猝死发生率有增高趋势,2024/11/29,15,Brugada,猝死家系谱,猝死者,提供家族资料者,心电图可见,I,型,Brugada,波,1991,年,Brugada,兄弟在,AHA,年会,上首次报告了,Brugada,综合征,2024/11/29,16,在美国,所有心脏原因引起的死亡中,,SCA,大约占,63%,1,在发达国家中,,SCA,是最常见的死亡原因之一,1,MMWR.,Vol 51(6)Feb.15,2002.,2,Myerberg RJ,Catellanos A.Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death.In:Braunwald E,ed.,Heart Disease:A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine,.5,th,Ed.New York:WB Saunders.1997:742-779.,3,Circulation.,2001;104:2158-2163.,4,Vreede-Swagemakers JJ et al.,J Am Coll Cardiol,1997;30:1500-1505.,地区,发病人数,生存率,全球,3,000,000,2,1%,2,美国,450,000,3,5%,2,欧洲,400,000,4,5%,4,猝死生还率,(幸存者),猝死流行病学,2024/11/29,17,有猝死病史的患者短期内猝死率较高,1 Adapted from:Myerburg RJ.Sudden Cardiac Death:Exploring the Limits of Our Knowledge.,J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,Vol.12,pp.369-381,March 2001.,2 Bunch,JT.et al.Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after successful defibrillation.,N Engl J Med,.2003;348:2626-2633.,300,000,200,000,100,000,0,猝死发生次数,/,年,有冠心病高危因素,冠心病,EF35%,心衰,院外,SCA,幸存者,心梗后,EF,低下伴,VT,总人群,30,25,20,10,5,0,猝死发生率,(%),1,2,3,4,5,MADIT,MUSTT,AVID,CASH,CIDS,MADIT 2,SCD-HeFT,2024/11/29,18,2,)猝死易发时间,时间生物学及流行病学研究表明,日周期:晨起,周周期:星期一,季节周期:冬季,3,)年龄,猝死年龄峰值:,0-6,个月,45-75,岁,30,岁,35,岁,1/10,万,1/1000,100,倍,2024/11/29,19,4,)性别,年轻及中年人群中,男性是女性的,4-7,倍,雌激素的保护,5,)生活方式,吸烟:,10,年吸烟史,SCD,增加,2-3,倍,体重:体重的相对增加,,SCD,增加,30%-70%,剧烈活动:与低水平或不活动相比增加,17,倍,猝死流行病学,4.,猝死的相关因素,2024/11/29,20,三、猝死的危险人群及,ICD,防治,2024/11/29,21,男性,吸烟,肥胖,糖尿病,不运动,既往心梗史,/,冠心病史,LVEF,低下和心衰,既往心脏骤停史,或室速史,慢性缺血性心脏病伴室早,运动试验后发生室早,电生理参数(如:,QTc,、,QRS,间期、,QT,离散度、,HRV,、,TWA,、压力反射试验),房颤,一、心脏性猝死的一般危险因素,猝死的危险因素及高危因素,2024/11/29,22,既往有心脏性,猝死事件,既往有室性快速心律失常发作,既往有,心肌梗死,心衰,,EF35%(2006,年指南,),肥厚型心肌病,遗传性心律失常,快速房性心律失常,当上述危险因素组合后,将进一步增加心脏性猝死的危险,二、猝死的高危因素,猝死的危险因素及高危因素,AVID:,不同类型心律失常生存率,Anderson JL,et al.Circulation 1999;99:1692-1699.,1.00,.,90,.,80,.,70,.,65,0,1,2,3,Years,累计生存率,不明原因晕厥,有症状无晕厥的,VT,VF,短暂的可转复的,VT/VF,无症状,VT,有晕厥的,VT,p=0.007,MUSTT:CAD,EF 0.40,NSVT,&EP,诱发,VT,EP-Guided Rx,No ICD,No EP-Guided Rx,EP-Guided Rx,ICD,p 0.001,Time after Enrollment(Years),0,1,2,3,4,5,0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,心律失常死亡和心脏骤停发生率,Buxton AE.,N Engl J Med,.1999;341:1882-90.,0.48,0.27,Drug,ICD,No Rx,MADIT:MI,EF 0.35,NSVT,&EP,诱发,VT,No.of Patients,除颤组,95805331173,传统治疗组,101674829170,Years,1.0,0.8,0.6,0.4,0.2,0.0,0,1,2,3,4,5,存活率,%,传统治疗组,除颤组,RR=0.46,p=0.009,Moss AJ.,N Engl J Med,.1996;335:1933-1940.,有,NSVT,的患者,,SCA,风险更高,1,Buxton AE,.,N Engl J Med,.1999;341:1882-1890.,2,Moss AJ.,N Engl J Med.,2002;346:877-883.,3,Moss AJ.Presented before ACC 51st Annual Scientific Sessions,Late Breaking Clinical Trials,March 19,2002.,%,心律失常死亡,18%,21%,32%,6%,14%,20%,NA,MI,LVEF,40%,NSVT,inducible VT at EPS,MI,LVEF,10 PVBs/h,0.86,A,0.88,0.90,0.92,0.94,0.96,0.98,1.00,0,30,60,
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