药品说明书翻译培训课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,药品说明书翻译,*,药品说明书翻译,进口药英文说明书的表达与法规,药品说明书”的,英文表达方式,有Instructons，Directions，Description 现在多用Package Insert，或简称 Insert，也有用Leeflet或Data Sheets。Insert原意为“插入物，插页”。药品说明书即为附在每种药品包装盒中的一份用药说明。,经过注册的进口药品一般是国家承认的有效药物，其说明书是指导医生与患者合理用药的重要依据，具有一定的,法律效力,。,2,药品说明书翻译,相关法律法规,中华人民共和国药品管理法,药品包装、标签和说明书管理规定,进口药品管理办法,第六章 药品名称、包装、标签和说明书第三十四条 进口药品,必须使用中文药品名称,，必须符合中国药品命名原则的规定。第三十五条 进口药品的包装和标签，必须用,中文注明药品名称、主要成分以及注册证号，进口药品必须使用中文说明书。,第三十六条 进口药品的包装、标签和说明书，必须符合中国药品包装、标签和说明书管理规定，并经国家药品监督管理局批准后使用。一经批准，其内容不得擅自更改。,3,药品说明书翻译,进口药英文说明书的结构简介,药品名称（Drug Names）,性状（Description）,药理作用（Pharmacological Actions）,适应症（Indications）,禁忌证（Contraindications）,用量与用法（Dosage and Administration）,不良反应（Adverse Reactions）,注意事项（Precautions）,包装（Package）,贮存(Storage）,其他项目（Others）,4,药品说明书翻译,药品名称,英文药品说明书中常见的药品名称有,商品名,（,Trade Name或 Proprietary Name,），,通用名,（,Generic Name,）和,化学名,（,Chemical Name,），其中最常见的是商品名。,例：日本田边有限公司生产的熊去氧胆酸片，其商品名为 Ursosan（Tablets）：通用名为 Ursodesoxycholic Acid（熊去氧胆酸）；化学名为3,7 dihydroxy-5-Cholanoic acid（3，7二羟基5胆烷酸）。有时同一种药品，不同的厂家使用不同的商品名称。,5,药品说明书翻译,药品名称,药品说明书中的标题药名用其商品名。有时在其右上角（或在上角）有一(R)标记，例如ADRIBLASTNA(R)（阿霉素），TEGRETOL（痛痉宁）。“,R”是Register（注册）的缩写,，(R)表示该产品已经本国的有关部门核准取得了此项专用的,注册商标,（,Registered Trade Mark,）。有时在商品名之下（或后）又列有通用名或化学名.,例： Rulide（罗力得）之下列有（Roxithromycin，罗红霉素）,Minipress（脉宁平）之后列有（Praxosin HCI，盐酸哌唑嗪）； Nitro-Dur（护心贴片之下又列有（ Nitroglycerin，硝酸甘油）,6,药品说明书翻译,药品名称的翻译,药品名称的翻译可采用音译、意译、音意合译及谐音译意等方法。,1、,音译,：按英文药品名歌的读音译成相同或相近的汉语。如：Tamoxifen它莫西芬，Ritalin利他林，Amcacin 阿米卡星。音译较为方便，但不能表意。,2、,意译,：按药品名称所表达的含意译成相应的汉语。例如：cholic Acid 胆酸，Tetracyline四环素;也可按其药理作用翻译如：Minidiab灭糖尿（治疗糖尿病药物），Natulan疗治癌（细胞生长抑制剂），Uraly消石素（治疗尿路结石药物）等。,7,药品说明书翻译,药品名称的翻译,3、,音意合译,：药品名称中的一部分采用音译，另一部分采用意译.例如：Coumadin香豆定（coumarin香 豆素），Neo-Octin新握克丁（neo-新）；Medemycin麦迪霉素（mycin 霉素），Cathinone卡西酮（one酮）。,4、,谐音译意,：以音译为原则，选用谐音的汉字，既表音，又表意，音意结合。例如：Antrenyl安胄灵，Doriden多睡丹，Legalon利肝隆，Webilin胃必灵.商品名称可以这样翻洋，而法定名称则规定不可以这样翻译。,8,药品说明书翻译,药品的化学名称,药品的化学名称反映出该药品的,化学结构组成成分,，可借助英汉化学化工词典进行翻译。如果名称很长，可以分解开来，分别查出各个组成部分的名称，组合而成。,例如：Catalin（卡他林）的化学名称是1Hydroxy- 5oxo-5Hpyrido（3，2）Phenoxazine3-carboxylic acid,译成汉语是1-羟基5氧5H吡啶并(3，2)吩 嗪3羧酸。如能掌握一些常用的酸、碱、盐、基因、化合物的英文名称，以及常用的前缀、后缀等，翻译时会顺利得多。例如：chloride氯化物，sulfate（sulphate）硫酸盐，acetyl 一乙酰基，amino氨基，di-二，dihydro-二氢。nitro-硝基，ester酯，lactone内酯，one酮、oxide氧化物，urea脲等等.,9,药品说明书翻译,Description（性状）,在药品说明书及药典中一般都译为“性状”，其内容主要是介绍外观、理化性质、组成成分、结构、特征等。这一项最常用的标题是,Description,，此外还可能有其他的表示法，如：,Chemical Structure,化学结构,Composition,成分,Physical and Chemical Properties,理化性质,特点,：这一项中的英语词汇除一部分化学专业词汇外，多为常用词，借助英汉化学化工词典及英汉词典即可通读。,10,药品说明书翻译,性状项中常见的句型,例1Folic acid is a yellowish to orange, crystalline powder; odourless or almost odourless.,叶酸是淡黄色至橙色结晶粉末，无臭或几乎无臭。,例2Intralipos 10% is a white opaque fat emulsion for intravenous injection, containing 10 % W/V of purified soybean oil.,脂肪乳剂（10%）是白色，不透明，供静脉注射用的脂肪乳剂，含有10%（W/V）的精制大豆油。,例3Ursosan Tablet 50mg is a white plain tablet which contains 50mg of ursodesoxycholic acid.,熊去氧胆酸片为白色素片，每片含50mg熊去氧胆酸。,例4Sterile pyrogen-free, orange red, freeze-dried powder in vials containing 10mg and 50mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose.,（本品）为小瓶装，灭菌无热原，桔红色冻干粉末，每小瓶含有10mg或50mg阿霉素盐酸盐与乳糖。,11,药品说明书翻译,例5It occurs as a white to off-white, crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water, dilute acid and most organic solvents.,本品（炎痛息康）为白色至类白色结晶固体，难溶于水、稀酸及大多数有机溶剂中。,例6Pamine, chemically known as epoxytropine tropate methylbromide, has the empirical formula C18H24NO4Br and the molecular weight 398.3.,哌明的化学名称为环氧莨菪碱托品酸酯溴代甲烷，实验式为C18H24NO4Br，分子量为398.3。,例7Kanendomycin is a very stable antibiotic, and its activity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airlight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years.,卡内多霉素是一种很稳定的抗生素，其粉末置于密封容器中，在室温下保存二年以上，活性不减。,例8This product is prepared from units of human plasma which have been tested and found nonreactive for hepatitis associated (Australia) antigen.,本品由人血浆制备，此血浆业经检验，并且证明对肝炎（澳大利亚）抗原无反应。,12,药品说明书翻译,性状中常用的词语,1、表示,组成,、,制备,的词及短语，如：,be derived from 由衍生,consist of 由组成,be obtained 制得,contain 含有,be prepared from 由制备,have (possess) 有（具有）,13,药品说明书翻译,2、表示,性质,的一些词类，如：,colo(u)r 颜色 stable 稳定的 taste 味道,molecular formular 分子式 odo(u)rless 无臭的,molecular weight 分子量 crystalline 结晶的,structure 结构 solubility 溶解度,injection 注射剂 insoluble 不溶的,solution 溶液 odo(u)r 气味,tablets 片剂 colo(u)rless 无色的,derivative 衍生物 tasteless 无味的,liquid 液体 sterile 无菌的,powder 粉末 soluble 可溶的 solid 固体,14,药品说明书翻译,药理作用,药理作用(,Pharmacological Actions,)。其内容主要包括药理作用、临床药理(,Clinical Parmacology,)、体外试验(,in vitro experiments,)、药物代谢(,Metabolism,)、药效(,Potency,)及毒性(,Toxicity,)等。这一项常用的标题是：,Pharmacological Action 药理作用 Pharmacological Properties 药理性质,Pharmacology 药理学,Clinical Pharmacology 临床药理,15,药品说明书翻译,药理作用,其他的表示方法还有：,Actions 作用 Actions and Properties 作用与性质,Clinical Effect (Use) 临床效果（用途）,Mechanism of Action 作用机理 Mode of Action 作用方式,如果药品的一种抗生素，可能出现：,Biological Action 生物活性 Microbiology 微生物学,16,药品说明书翻译,药理作用常见句型举例,例1. Mean peek serum concentrations of tobramycin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intramuscular administration. 肌注后约3050分钟之间妥布毒素的平均血药浓度达到高峰。,例2. Nembutal Sodium exerts a depressant action on the CNS and shares the sedative-hypnotic actions typical of the barbiturates. 戊巴比妥钠对中枢神经系统产生抑制作用，并显示戊巴比妥类特有的镇静催眠作用,例3. In clinical trials the drug was shown to be highly effectinve in improving and normalizing the alterated cerebral circulation and those disorders related to insufficient arterial flow in the limbs.,临床试验证实，本品疗效高，可改善已改变了的脑循环，使之恢复正常，治疗与四肢动脉血流不畅有关的疾病。,17,药品说明书翻译,例4. Orbenin is stable to staphylococcal penicillinase, and highly effective against resistant staphylococci.It is bactericidal, acid-stable and well absorbed by either the oral or the intramuscular route.,全霉林对葡萄球菌的青霉素酶稳定，对耐药葡萄球菌十分有效。本品具杀菌、耐酸作用，且口服或肌注吸收良好。,例5. Nystain has been found to inhibit the growth of yeast like flora in the intestinal tract.,已查明制霉菌素在肠道内可抑制菌丛类酵母菌的生长。,例6. Fenarol has proved to be effective as a striated muscle relaxant.,已证明芬那露是疗效很好的横纹肌松施药。,18,药品说明书翻译,例7. Halcion is a potent short-acting hypnotic agent, which produces its hypnotic activity from the first night of administration.,好而睡是一种强力速效催眠药，它从服药后的第一个夜晚开始产生催眠作用。,例8. Therapeutically, ATP injection exhibits effects, especially such as activation of the function and metabolism of the nerve, and also coronary and peripheral vasodilation to increase the blood stream.,从治疗上看，三磷酸腺苷注射剂显示了非常好的效果，特别是在活化神经的功能及代谢，以及舒张冠状与外周血管以增加血流方面更是如此。,19,药品说明书翻译,药理作用常用词及短语举例,动词,absorb 吸收 act 作用,cause (be cause by) 引起（由引起） demonstrate 显示,exert (action on) 起作用 exhibit 显示,inhibit 抑制 accumulate 积蓄,administrate 投药 excrete 排泄,result in 导致 indicate 表明,maintain 维持 produce 产生,protect (from) 保护（不变） reach 达到,show 显示，表明 treat 治疗,metabolize 代谢 promote 促进,prevent 阻止，预防 tolerate 耐受,20,药品说明书翻译,形容词,(be) active (effective) against 对有效的,(be) related to 与有关的,(be) sensitive to 对敏感的,resistant to 有耐药性的 average 平均的,minimum 最低（小）的,maximum 最高（大）的,normal 正常的,21,药品说明书翻译,名词,ability 能力 activity 活性,distribution 分布 excretion 排泄,action 作用 clearance 廓清率,effect on 对的作用 function 功能，作用,half life 半衰期 in vitro 体外 kidney 肾,mechanism 机理 serum concentration 血清浓度,tolerance 耐受性 infection 感染,in vivo 体内 level 水平，浓度,plasm lever 血浆浓度（水平） toxicity 毒性,22,药品说明书翻译,适应症,适应症最常用的有以下几种表示方法,Indications适应症,Indications and Usage 适应症与用途,Major(Principal)Indications 主要适应症,Uses用途,Action and Use作用与用途,23,药品说明书翻译,本项中出现频率最高的是,疾病名称以及微生物,（尤其是致病菌）的名称，如：,angina pectoris 心绞痛 cancer癌,diabetes（mellitus）糖尿病,hypertension 高血压,gram-positive microorganisms(bacteria)革兰氏阳性菌,gramnegative mcroorgansms（bacteria）革兰氏阴性菌,virus 病毒 E.coli 大肠杆菌,24,药品说明书翻译,常见句型,1、,不完全句结构,仅列出疾病或微生物的名称例如：,例1、Angina pectoris, Prinzmetals angina, hypertension,心绞痛，变异性心绞痛，高血压。,例 2 The following diseases caused by bacteria including grampositive and gramnegative bacteria such as Staphylococcus，Streptcoccus, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,用于治疗由革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌，如葡萄球菌、链球菌。大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌引起的下列疾病,25,药品说明书翻译,常见句型,2,由For（或In等）引出的短语,，例如：,例3 For prevention of the advance of cataract.,用于预防白内障进展。,例 4 In the treatment of all forms of pulmonary tubercuosis in association with other antitubercular drugs.,与其他抗结核药配伍，治疗各种类型肺结核。,26,药品说明书翻译,常见句型,To+动词原形构成的短语,，如：,例 5 To prevent the formation of urinary calculi，especially in cases where they tend to recur.,用于预防尿路，特别是易发部位的结石的形成。,例6 To protect the liver cell during administration of drugs hazardous to the liver,在服用对肝脏有危害的药物期间，用以保护肝细胞。,27,药品说明书翻译,常见句型,完整的句子结构或段落，有时结构很复杂；,例 7 Amikacin is useful in the treatment of infections from Gramnegative sensitive species，there included the Pseudomonas species；it may also be useful to treat infections caused by sensitive staphylococci,阿米卡星可用于治疗革兰氏阳性敏感菌（其中包括假单孢菌）引起的感染，也可用于治疗敏感葡萄球菌引起的感染。,例 8 Nebcin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible microorganisms：,乃柏欣适用于治疗下列由敏感细菌引起的感染：,28,药品说明书翻译,常见句型,例 9 Octinum D has proved effective in the prophylaxis and therapy of disorders arising from spasm of the smooth musculature.,新握克了已证实对平滑肌痉挛引起的病症有预防和治疗作用。,例10 Fungizone intravenous is especially intended to treat cryptococcosis,注射用凡疾送特别适用于治疗隐球菌病。,29,药品说明书翻译,例11 Kanamycin is active both in vitro and vivo against Grampossitive and Gramnegative bacteria as well as acid-fast bacteria,卡那霉素在体外及体内对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌以及耐酸菌都有效。,例12 Benemid is recommended for the treatmemt of gout and gouty arthritis, and to increase and prolong the plasma concentration of penicillins and cephalosporins during anti-infective therapy.,丙磺舒被推荐用于治疗痛风及痛风关节炎，及在强化抗感染治疗时增加并延长青霉素类及头孢菌素类的血浆浓度。,30,药品说明书翻译,例 13 Information available at present suggests that Oncovin may be useful either alone or in conjunction with other oncolytic drugs for the treatment of acute leukaemias ,据现有资料表明，硫酸长春新碱可单独使用，亦可与其他溶瘤细胞药物合用，以治疗急性白血病,例14 Adriamycin is frequenly used in combination chemotherapy regiments with other cytotoxyc drugs.,阿霉素常与其他细胞毒药物合用于化疗方案。,例 15 Concomitant therapy with other calcium antagonists,antihypertensives and alcohol may potentiate the hypotensive action of the drug.,与其他的钙桔抗剂、抗高血压药物及酒精饮料同时使用，会增强本品的降低血压的作用。,31,药品说明书翻译,本项中的常用词及短语举例,许多常用词及,疾病名,、,微生物名词,等与“药理作用”项类同，此外还有以下词组与短语（例句参见前文）。,be active against对有效,be intended to适用于,be administared in 适用于,be of value of 适用于,be effective in （for，against）对有效,be recommended for 推荐用于,be employed to 用于,be used to（for，as）用于,be helpful in 用于,be useful in 用于,be indicated in（for）适用于,for（in） the treatment（management）of 用于治疗（控制）,32,药品说明书翻译,表示与“,其他药物合用,”的结构有：,be associated with,in association with,be combined with,in combination with,be compatible with,in connjunction with,concomitant with,together with,33,药品说明书翻译,禁忌症,本项中最常用的英语表示法是,Contraindications,，也有用Restrictions on Use（用药限制）的。,一、本项中涉及到禁用（或慎用）某些药物的患者或某种特殊情况，例如：,1、孕妇、妊娠期或哺乳期，幼童等：,pregnant woman 孕妇,lactation 哺乳期,in pregnancy 妊娠期,children under years of age 岁以下儿童,the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初三个月,34,药品说明书翻译,禁忌症,患有某些疾病或过敏,的患者，如：,allergic (hypersensitive) to 对过敏的,allergic (anaphylactic) reaction 过敏反应,allegy (hypersensitivity) to 对过敏,patients with (who) 患有的患者,35,药品说明书翻译,本项中常出现一些疾病名称,cardiac failure 心力衰竭,hypertension 高血压,cardiac (renal) insufficiency 心（肾）功能不全,severe hypotension 严重低血压,impairment of kidney (renal function) 肾功能损伤,diabetes 糖尿病,liver (hepatic) damage 肝损伤,severe anemia 严重贫血,36,药品说明书翻译,常见句型,省略句型,，只列出禁忌对象或疾病名称等。,例1. Pregnacy, allergy to methotrexate, functional disorders of liver and kidneys, diseases of the haematopoietic system (bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocy - to penia, anaemia), intectious diseases, ulcers of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract, recent operation wounds.,孕期，对氨甲叶酸过敏，肝、肾功能障碍，血液系统疾病（骨髓机能减退、白细胞及血小板减少、贫血），传染病，口腔及胃溃疡，近期术后伤口等忌用,例2. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severerenal insufficiency.,对喹喏酮类过敏，严重肾功能不全。,37,药品说明书翻译,完整的句子或段落,其中常用的结构有：,contraindications are 禁忌症是,be contraindicated in (for) 对禁忌,should not be used (employed) in 不得用于,It is advisable to avoid the use of 建议不用于,must not be administered (given) to 对不得用药,should be used with caution 慎用,be not recommended for 最好不用于,none reported 未见报道,not known 不清楚,38,药品说明书翻译,例3. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics.,先锋5号禁用于已知对头孢菌素类抗生素过敏的患者。,例4. It is advisable to avoid the use of Aramine with cyclo-propane or halothane anesthesia, unless clinical circumstances demand such use.,如果不是临床需要，建议本品不要与环丙烷或氟溴氯乙烷麻醉剂合用。,例5. Do not take Benemid if prior administration resulted in hypersensitivity Benemid is not recommended for persons with known disorders of the blood or uric acid kidney stones. Do not give Benemid to children under two years of age.,若以前使用丙磺舒曾引起过敏反应，则应禁用。已知有血液疾患及尿酸性肾结石的患者建议不要使用本品，二岁以下儿童不得服用。,39,药品说明书翻译,例6. Phenothiazine compounds should not be used in patients receiving large doses of hypnotics, and should be used, with caution in patients with a history of convulssive disorders, since grand mal convulsions have been known to occur.,接受大剂量安眠药的患者不应使用吩噻嗪化合物，对有惊厥病史的患者应慎用，因为已知有发生过癫痫大发作。,例7. Ursosan should not be given to patients suffering from fulminant hepatitis and bile duct obstruction.,暴发性肝炎及胆管阻塞患者禁用熊去氧胆酸。,40,药品说明书翻译,例8. This product is contraindicated in those patients who have shown hypersensitivity to it unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition requiring treatment is life threatening and amenable only to amphotencin B therapy.,除非根据医生的意见，认为需要治疗的患者的病情危及生命，并且只有两性霉素治疗才可能使其有所改善之外，对本品过敏的患者禁用本品。,例9. Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Antistine.,5岁以下儿童禁用敌胺。,例10. The use of Alexan in nursing mothers is not recommended.,哺乳期妇女最好不用爱力生。,例11. Pregnancy: Coumadin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnat because the drug basses through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the felus in utero.,妊娠期禁用：香豆素禁用于孕妇，或可能已怀孕的妇女，因为本品可能穿过胎盘屏障，引起子宫内胚胎致命的出血。,41,药品说明书翻译,在 Restrictions on use 的项目中有时还有小标题,Contraindications 禁忌症,Precautions (Note) 注意事项,Warning 警告,Pregnancy and Lactation 妊娠与哺乳,42,药品说明书翻译,用量与用法,本项最常用的英语表示法有：,Dosage and Administration 用（剂）量与用法,Route of Administration 给药途径（用法）,Administration 用法,Direction for Use 用法,Method of (for) Administration 用法,Application and Dosage 用法与用（剂）量,Mode of Application 用法,Dosage 用（剂）量,How to Use 用法,Posology 剂量学,43,药品说明书翻译,常用表示剂量的术语,average dose 平均剂量 minimal (minimum) dose 最小有效量,daily dose 日剂量（一日量） multiple dose 多剂量,divided dose 分次剂量 overdose (overdose) 过量,fatal (lethal) dose 致死量 single dose 一次剂量,indicated dose 有效剂量 standard dose 标准（合适）剂量,initial (beginning, starting) dose 首次量 suggested (recommended) dose 推荐剂量,maintenance dose 维持量 therapeutic dose 治疗剂量,maximum dose 最大剂量（极量） usual (normal) dose 常用剂量,44,药品说明书翻译,常用的剂量单位表示法,g=gram 克 l=liter (litre) 升医学 全在.线提供,mg=milligram 毫克 ml=milliliter 毫升,kg=kilogram 千克 c.c. 毫升,mcg=microgram 微克 I.U.=international unit 国际单位,ug 微克 body weight 体重,per square meter of body surface 每平方米体表面积,45,药品说明书翻译,每次给药次数的表示方法,daily (per day, a day, every day ) 每日,every hours 每隔小时,intervats of 每隔,once (twice) daily (a day) 每日一（二）次,every other day 每隔一日,three times a day (daily) 每日三次,three times a week 每周三次,once (twice) a week (weekly) 每周一（二）次,Divided into doses 分次,in two or three divided doses 分为二或三次（个剂量）,46,药品说明书翻译,例1 Unless other wise prescribed by the physician, the average daily dose is 1 capsule 3 times daily.,如果医生不另开处方，平均日剂量为每日3次、每次1个胶襄。,例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg dody weight daily in 3-4 divided doses orally, taken with meets.,日剂量最好每公斤体重10-15mg，分3-4次口服，与食物共服。,例3 The initial dosage recommended is 1/2 tablet of Madopa 250 three times daily.,开始剂量最好为每日3次，每次半片美多巴250。,例4 Children: The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg/day total, given in four equally divided and spaced doses.,儿童：常用总剂量为每日50-100mg/kg体重，均分为四等份，等间隔给药。,例5 The recommended starting dose is 20mg given as a single daily dose.,推荐的首剂量为每20mg，一次服用。,47,药品说明书翻译,给药对象,adolescents 青少年 intant(s) 幼儿,adult(s) 成年人 male 男性,baby (babies) 婴儿 newborn baby (babies) 新生儿,children (child) 儿童 patient(s) 患者，病人,debilitated patients 体弱患者 pediatric 儿科的,elderly patient(s) 老年患者 pregnant women 孕妇,female 女性 senile patient(s) 老年患者（病人）,48,药品说明书翻译,给药方式的表示法,intra-arterially 静脉内给药 by mouth (OS) 口服,intragluteally 臀肌内给药 by phleboclysis 静脉输液,intramuscularly 肌内给药 by intramuscular (IM) injection 肌肉注射,intraperitoneally 腹（膜）腔内给药 by intravenous (IV) injection 静脉注射,intrapleurally 胸（膜）腔内给药 by the intra-articatar administration 关节内给药,intrathecally 鞘内给药 by the intramuscular administration (route) 肌内给药,intravenously 静脉内给药 by the intranasal route 鼻内给药,locally 局部给药 orally 口服给药,49,药品说明书翻译,给药方式的表示法,parenterally 肠道外给药 by the intraperitoneal administration 腹（膜）腔内给药,subconjuntivally 结膜下给药 by the intravenous infusion (perfusion) 静脉输注,subcutaneously 皮下给药 sublingually 舌下给药,submucously 粘膜下给药 by the intrathecal administration 鞘内给药,by aerosol 喷雾给药 by the subligual administration 舌下给药,by drip phleboclysis 点滴静脉输液 per rectum 直肠给药,by enema 灌肠 per vaginum 阴道给药,by lumbar 腰椎给药 pro recto 直肠给药,50,药品说明书翻译,表示“投药”的常用动词,administer (或be administered、give、be given、indicate、be indicated) 给药、投药,use (或be used 、employ、be employed) 用药,recommend (be recommended、suggest、be suggested) 推荐给药,51,药品说明书翻译,表示不同的用药方式的动词,take 服用 inhale 吸入 apply to 用于、涂于、敷于,spray 喷雾 inject 注射 swallow 吞服,52,药品说明书翻译,例6 the recommended single dose is 1 ampoule, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.,建议一次剂量为1安瓶，皮下、肌肉或静脉注射给药。,例7 I.M injections should be administered in the amount of 25-50mg daily per kilo of body weight, subdivided into injections every 6-8-12 hours.,肌肉注射：每日每公斤体重给药25-50mg，每6-8-12小时一次。,例8 For adults give intramuscular injection of 400 to 600 mg per day in 2-3 divided doses. For intants give intramuscular injection of 10-20mg/kg per day in two divided doses.,成年人：肌肉注射，每日400-600mg，分2-3次注射；婴儿：肌肉注射，每日10-20mg/kg体重，分2次注射。,53,药品说明书翻译,例9 The tablets (or the syrup) are to be taken during or after a meal with a little liquid.,片剂（或糖浆）应于食间或饭后用少量液体送服。,例10 Apply the Nitro-Dur system firmly to the skin surface. The Nitro-Dur system may be applied to any convenient skin area, a recommended side of application is the arm or chest.,把护心贴片紧贴在皮肤表面，护心贴片可贴在任何方便的皮肤区域，最好是贴在手臂或胸部。,例11 In general 1 to 3 metered doses should should be inhaled or sprayed onto or under the tongue at the every oneset of anginal pain.,一般应在心绞痛开始发作时就吸入，或向舌上或舌下喷入1-3个规定的剂量。,54,药品说明书翻译,其它的短语或句型,according to 根据 be adjusted 调整 depend on 依据 adapt to 适合，修改,on the basis of 在基础上 vary fromto 变化范围由至，因而异,range from to 变化范围由至,it is advisable to (it is recommended to、it is suggested to ) 建议,55,药品说明书翻译,例12 Dosage should be adapted to patients individually, on the basis of periodic tests of glycosuria and blood sugar.,在周期性检验尿糖和血糖的基础上，调整剂量，使之适用于不同的患者。,例13 It si advisable to initiate therapy with massive doses: 3x2 tablets daily after meals over 2-4 days.,建议开始治疗时采用大剂量，每日剂量为3x2片，饭后服用，持续2-4日。,例14 In severs chronic cases, treatment is started with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continused with one ampoule every other day, injected slowly by the intravenous route.,治疗严重的慢性疾病时，治疗从每日1-2支利胆素注射剂开始，继续治疗时每隔一日1安瓶缓慢静脉注射。,56,药品说明书翻译,例15 The number of injections required may vary from from patient to patient.,所需注射次数因患者而异。,例16 The dosage of Glutril must be adjusted by the doctor according to the individual metabolic state.,格路特利的剂量需由医生根据每个患者的代谢状况调整。,例17 In such instance, it is recommended that the dose be reduced.,在这种情况下，建议减少剂量。,例18 The maintenance dosage is determined by response of the patient.,维持剂量视患者对药物的反应而定。,57,药品说明书翻译,不良反应,不良反应这一项中包括药物的副作用、症状及体征、毒性作用及耐受力、过敏反应、停药等。现分述如下：,1.“不良反应”的常用的英语表示法有：,Adverse Reaction（s）不良反应 Unwanted（Untoward） Reaction（s）不良反应,