大豆生长发育及各个时期国际划分标准课件

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten,Textmasterformate durch Klicken bearbeiten,Zweite Ebene,Dritte Ebene,Vierte Ebene,Fnfte Ebene,#,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,#,大豆的生长发育,和各个时期国际划分,目录,大豆生长发育,大,豆的时期,大豆种子萌发出,土,-,大豆种子结构,种,脐,Hilum,胚,根,Radicle,胚芽,种皮,Seed,coat,胚轴,Hypocotyl,子,叶,C,otyledons,生长点和幼叶,连接胚根胚芽的短轴,生长点和根冠组成,大,豆种子萌发出土,The temperature of soybean seeds germination,播种深度对出苗的影响,表,1-1,播种深度对大豆幼苗器官发育的影响,播种越深，下胚轴越长，主根长度下茬不大，而侧根数量则有随着播种深度的加深而减少的趋势，这可能是因为，播种越深，下胚轴长，养分消耗多的缘故。一般大豆的播种深度以,4cm,产量最高，多雨年份播深以,3cm,为宜，干旱年份以,5cm,为好。,播深,（,cm,）,下胚轴长度,（,cm,）,出苗时主根长度,（,cm,）,出苗时侧根数量,（根）,下胚轴重量,（,mg/,株）,2,2.7,15.9,20,27.6,4,4.1,13.0,24,35.0,6,6.2,12.8,17,42.6,8,8.7,13.2,12,60.7,Soybean Morphology,4,种不同类型：,子叶,第一对真叶（单叶）,三出复叶,先出叶,大豆叶型,国际植物遗传资源委员会,将大豆,小,叶形状按,照主茎中部发育完全的,顶小叶长,/,宽比,，划分为,3,种类型,：,狭窄型（披针形）；,长,/,宽在,2.2,或以上,者；每荚多为,3-4,粒，有利于每荚粒数提高,狭阔叶型（卵圆形,）；长,/,宽在,1.8,或以下者；,每荚多,为,2-3,粒，有利于百粒重增长,中间型：长,/,宽在之间。,Oval,Lanceolate,大豆叶片同化物的输入和输出,Soybean root,大豆的形态特征,根 系,大豆的根系有主根、侧根、细根、根毛和根瘤组成。,主根深达,180cm,，横向扩展,3545cm,，主要根系分布在,020cm,耕层内。,大豆的根系,Soybean root,由分枝到开花，根的生长最旺盛，从开花末期到豆荚伸长期，根量达到最高峰，以后逐渐衰老。,大,豆的主茎和分枝,（,1,）主茎,大,豆的茎比较坚韧，茎上有节，一般主茎有,14-16,节。幼茎有绿色和紫色两种。茎的形态特点与产量高低有较大关系。,（,2,）分枝,大豆茎分若干节，是由茎尖分生组织细胞群（分生区）不断分生而产生。,主茎,节,数与生育期长短有一定关系，一般生育期长，节多。,大豆的生长习性,无限结荚习性,（,Indeterminate,）,主,茎和分枝顶端在开花后仍继续生长，开花顺序由下向上，顶端只长出一个荚。,植株较高，侧枝发达,，,豆荚均匀分布在各分枝上,，主茎豆荚不集中，荚以中部分枝最多，向上逐渐减少,。,MG 000-5,主,茎节的数量在,R5,期停止增长,种,植日期和熟期能够影响最终杰德数量,大豆的生长习性,有,限生,长习性,（,Determinate,）,在主茎生长高度超过成株高度一半以后，才在茎的中上部开始开花，然后向上、向下逐节开花，以后,在主茎顶端出现一个大花簇，茎即停止生长,。,植,株矮，主茎粗，节间短,，豆荚多集中在主茎上，,在肥地不易倒伏，叶片较肥大,。,MG V IX,主茎的节数在,R1,期停止增加,大豆的生长习性,亚,有限生长习,性（,Semi-determinate,）,介于以上两种习性之间而偏于无限习性。植株较高大，主茎较发达，分枝性较差。开花顺序由下而上，主茎结荚较多。,在肥水充足和密植时，表现出无限习性特征，而在肥水适宜、稀植时表现近似有限习性特征。,大,豆生长习性,大豆的生长习性是重要的生态性状。在地理分布上有着明显的规律和区域性。,南方雨水多，生长季节长，有限生长习性类型多。,北方雨水少，生长季节短，无限生长习性类型多。,大豆繁殖器官的建成,-,花和花序,大,豆的花着生在叶腋间及茎的顶端，呈,总状花序,。花朵聚生在花梗上叫花簇,。,花,色白和紫是品种的重要特,征,上 右：,1,旗瓣,2,翼瓣,3,龙骨瓣,4,雌雄蕊,5,萼,下 左：,1,，,2,两体雄蕊,3,柱头,花由苞片、花萼、花冠、雄蕊和雌蕊组成。花朵为苞片所包围，蝶形花冠有,5,个花瓣，雄蕊,10,枚，雌蕊,1,枚。,1,3,5,4,2,1,2,3,2,3,大豆繁殖器官的建成,-,花和花序,根,据花轴的长度和花数目，可将花序分为,3,种类型,长轴型，花序轴长,10cm,以上，每个轴上着生,10-40,朵花,中轴型，花序轴长,3-10cm,，每个花序着生,8-10,朵花,短轴型，花序轴较短，,3cm,以下，一般,3-8,朵,花,A schematic diagram of soybean plant life,cycle,大,豆的生长发育过程,大豆的一生要经历种子萌发、出苗、幼苗生长、分枝、开花、结荚、鼓粒、成熟等过程。可分为,6,个时期：,种子萌,发和出苗期,幼苗,期,花芽分化,期,开,花结荚期,鼓粒,期,成熟期,Development,of,the,soybean growth stage system,1949:Number system,(Kaltonet al.,1949),2:Three trifoliate leaves unrolled=V3,7:Small pods on top of plant with full pods at the bottom=R4 or,R5,1977:Split development into a vegetative and reproductive stages,(Fehr and Caviness,1977,),2004:Slight change in definitions from the method devised in 1977,(Pedersen,2004),Soybean Growth and Development,一些晚熟品种开花后若至于长日照下，其生殖生长停滞，植株上部原有的花荚脱落，营养生长恢复，新的分枝不断发生。在这种情况下，植株最上部,4,节中不会结荚鼓粒，而植株基部存留的荚能够成熟并是全株达到,R7,Soybean Growth and Development,Vegetative Stages,V-Stages,VE,VC,V1,V2,V3,Vn,Reproductive Stages,R-Stages,R1,R2,R3,R8,Starts,at Flowering,VE-EMERGENCE,5 to 14 das after planting,Cotyledons above the soil surface,VC-COTYLEDON,Unifoliolate,leaves have unrolled,Leaves are,opposite,Unifoliate leaves unrolled suffciently so the leaf edges are not touching,V1,STAGE,One trifoliolate,One,node above,the unifoliolate,Trifoliolates are produced singularly and,alternately,V2 stage,V2 2ND NODE,Two trifoliolates,Nodules have been,established,Check for proper,nodulation,If absent determine,cause and prepare to,apply N,V3 stage,V3 Third Node,3 nodes above unifoliolate,Cotyledons,gone Axillary,buds,allow plants,to,recuperate,from damage,V6,Stage,New V stages,every 3 days,50%leaf,loss=3%yield,loss,R1 Stage:Beginning bloom,主,茎任意节上有一朵花开放,Flowering begins at 3,rd,to 6,th,node(V6 to V10 stage),Flowering period is 3 to 4 wk,-begins 6 to 8wk after emergence,-Peaks R2 to R3;ends R5,Vertical root growth rates increase rapidly,-as much as 1.3 to 3.2 in/day,R2:full bloom,Open flower at one of the two uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf,Accumulated 25%of total dry wt&50%of total node#,Rapid dry wt and nutrient accumulation from R2 until R7 inanition,N-fixation rate,50%defoliation yield 50%,R3:Beginning pod,pods are 3/16 inch(5 mm)at one of the four uppermost,nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf,Yield is a function of:,base population,pod number,Seeds per pod,Seed weight,Ability to compensate for stress by modifying these factors decreases from R1 to R5,R3-,初荚前：主茎任意节上出现,0.5cm,长的幼荚,R4,：,Full pod,Pods,are 3/4 inch(2 cm)at one of the four uppermost,nodes,on the main stem with a fully developed leaf,Rapid pod growth&beginning seeds development,From R4 to middle R5 critical for yield,Rapid and steady dry matter accumulation,Flowering is complete,Young seeds&pods are most prone to abortion,Yield reductive based on total pod#,Is the main yield limiting factor,Seed#per pod and seed size may also occur,R5:Beginning seed,seed is 1/8 inch long(3 mm)long in the pod at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main,stem,with,a full