考研英语翻译(第四讲)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,考研翻译和完形填空,主讲人：党立新,外国语学院,考研翻译完形高分策略,考研翻译完形高分策略,三.翻译“三步曲”之三：找差异，调语序,在翻译的“三部曲”里,第一步的任务是：理清英语句子的逻辑语义关系,第二步的任务是：针对句中实词进行语义选择,第三部的任务是:找差异，调语序,翻译的过程不仅是语言形式的转变，,更是思维方式的变换。,首先，我们来比较英汉在定语位置方面的差异,考研翻译完形高分策略,英语：中心词前置的语言(head-first language),汉语：中心词后置的语言(head-last language),3.1 英语定语在后，汉语定语在前-定语前移,3.1.1“左二右六”的英语定语结构规律,（英语修饰定语的规律性）黄金公式,限定词+形容词+中心词+六类右置定语形容词短语,介词短语,分词短语,不定式短语,形容词短语,定语从句,同位语从句,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.1.2 定语从句的翻译技巧,前置法,(,适合于限定性定语从句，且句子比较短的情况下）,2003/T61,Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the,environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.,分析：,in which they live,environment,结合起来，译成“生存的环境”,-,前置法。,译文：而且人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的观念和想法。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2004/T62,（2）We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished,as,the peoples who spoke them,died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.,分析：who spoke them 采用的前置法，译成“说这些语言的”。,译文：我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.拆句法,前提：从句太长，不符合汉语表达的习惯,方式：并列句,位置：名词后面,可以重复先行词，尤其是在先行词比较复杂的情况下,用代词指代先行词,省略先行词。,2005/T47,In the Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful:groups,which,bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing house,that,work in relation to one another.,分析：,which and that,两个定语从句,考研翻译完形高分策略,2.拆句法,分析：首先要找到各自修饰的先行词。,直译：在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团已经成为越来越成功的、把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志以及出版社带到一起的集团。,改译：在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功了，,这些集团,把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志以及出版社组合在了一起。,考研翻译完形高分策略,1991/T74,4)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high energy American fashion,that,makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.,分析：首先，that引起的定语从句要单独译成一个分句。,其次，从句的先行词是high-energy American fashion,重复,先行词，译成“这种耕种方式”。,译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以这种美国式的高能量消耗的耕种方式继续下去了，而,这种耕种方式,使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。,考研翻译完形高分策略,1994/T72,5)“In short”a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution,as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments,that,expanded the reach of science in innumberable directions.,分析：首先分析定语从句,其次找出从句的先行词the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments,重复先行词,译文：新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所谓的科学革 命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2004/T65,Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism,which,in its strongest form,states that language imprisons the mind,and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.,分析：,which,引导的定语从句,确定其先行词，用代词来替代它,译文：沃尔夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，,其,极端的说法是：语言囚禁思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。,考研翻译完形高分策略,2002/T64,7)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to,practices in which,a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.,分析：首先，in which 相当于in practices，同时找到they 的所指,译文：自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责，并视其业绩而接受肯定的必不可少的前提。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.换句法,英语中的某些定语从句具有状语从句的功能，在逻辑意义上与主句有状语关系，说明原因、结果、让步或条件。翻译时要善于发现这些逻辑语义关系，译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。非限定性定语从句尤其如此。,1992/T73 -译成时间状语从句,8)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale,with which we are comparing our subjects,provides a“valid“or“fair”comparison.,分析：限定性从句 withsubjects,通过拆句，我们把它译成一个时间状语从句“在对我们的对象进行比较时”。,with the scale 搭配，作状语，而非与compare 搭配,译文：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.换句法,1990/T64 译成条件状语从句,9）Behaviorists suggest that the child,who,is raised in an environment,where,there are many stimuli,which,develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,分析：首先找到定语从句who,where,which,译成一个条件句“如果一个儿童在有许多刺激的环境中长大”，然后重复“这些刺激物”来翻译which,译文：行为主义者的看法是：如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中长大，而这些刺激物又能培养其作出适当反应的能力，那么他/她就会有比较高的智力发育水平。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.2英语多长句，汉语多短句-化繁为简,汉语是向左走的语言；英语是向右走的语言,There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic 1996,Gr,分析：,There was a very interesting remark,中心词,in a book,介词短语,by an Englishman,定语,1,that I read recently,定语,2,giving what he thought was a,分词短语,reason for this American characteristic,试译：在我最近看过的一本由英国人写的书里有一句十分有趣的话他认为给出了美国人这种性格的理由。,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.2英语多长句，汉语多短句-化繁为简,译文：我最近看过一本书，英国人写的，我还记得书里有一句十分有趣的话，作者认为这句话说明了美国人为什么会是这种性格。,(1)首先汉语的连句手段少，重表意，不重结构。,汉语的句子结构比较松散，句子之间的逻辑关系主要通过句子本身内在的意义和上下文语境来连接,较少借助连词和介词等形态手段-意合。,汉语句子往往呈现出大量的短句连短句并列使用的现象，句子本身反映不出主次。,(2)英语句子尚逻辑，大量使用逻辑关系连接词，即通过严谨的句法结构形式来达到表意的目的-形合性。其严谨的句法结构使其主次关系一目了然。,她说话时打手势的动作像她妈妈,She resembles her mother in the way that she moves her hands when she talks.,考研翻译完形高分策略,3.2英语多长句，汉语多短句-化繁为简,Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.,分析：,Descriptive statistics is a tool,主系表结构,for describing or summarizing or reducing,