9-语法：非谓语动词汇总课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,非谓语动词的用法与翻译,Nonfinite Verbs and Translation,A Brief Review,Simple Sentences:,SV,SVO,SVOO,SVOC,SLP,我,感觉,很累，晚饭以后就去,睡,了。,Feeling,too tired,I went to bed after supper.,她,要,一些,水,泡茶。,She wants some water,to make,tea.,这座,建于,1848年的宫殿被大火,烧毁,了。,This palace,built,in 1848 was burnt down.,非谓语动词,一个简单句一般有且只有一个谓语动词，如果这个句子中出现了另外的动词，这些动词不能做谓语，需要用,其他形式,，充当其他句子成分，这些动词就叫做非谓语动词。,非谓语动词是英汉语言的主要差别所在，也是掌握的难点，翻译的机巧之处。,英译中：正确理解非谓语动词的真正含义才能正确翻译句子。,Knowing all this,they still insisted on my paying for the damage.,尽管知道了来龙去脉，他们还是坚持让我赔偿。,中译英：学会准确恰当地使用非谓语动词，才能用地道自然的英语进行翻译。,我还年轻，我还要活下去，我还要征服生活。,Being still young,I want to live on and conquer life.,非谓语动词的要点,形式：to do/ing/ed,变化:时式；语态；,用法：做什么句子成分？,关系:和句子中其他成分之间是什么关系？,to do,ing,ed,主语,主语,表语,宾语,宾语,定语,表语,表语,状语,状语,状语,补语,补语,补语,定语,定语,不定式(to do),主动语态,被动语态,一般式,to do,to be done,进行式,to be doing,完成式,to have done,to have been done,不定式的功能,做主语,做表语,做宾语,做定语,做状语,做补语,说抱歉很难。,To say,sorry is hard.,不定式做主语，一般不能省略to,常用形式主语it来代替,It is hard,to say,sorry.,最重要的就是准时到达那里。,The most important thing is,to arrive,there on time.,不定式做表语,We,are to meet,on Wednesday.,The meeting,is about to,begin.,主语+be+to do,主语+about+to do 通常表示计划做某事。,不定式的逻辑主语？,她喜欢读书。,She likes,to read,books.,He seems,to know,the way.,不定式做宾语,不定式的逻辑主语一般也是全句的主语。,他觉得回答这个问题很难。,He finds it difficult,to answer,the question.,主谓宾补的句型中，不定式做宾语，需要使用形式宾语it放在补语之前，真正的宾语（不定式）放在补语之后。,常用不定式作宾语的动词：,afford,agree,aim,ask,claim,choose,decide,decline,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,threaten,wish 等。,I am very glad,to see,you.,We are very sorry,to leave,.,Basketball is very interesting,to watch,.,有些语法学家认为形容词后的不定式也可看做宾语。,不定式与全句主语的关系？,主谓；动宾,这类形容词通常表达思想感情。,比如：,afraid,anxious,careful,content,determined,foolish,inclined,prepared,ready,slow,willing 等。,The next flight,to arrive,was from New York.,It was a night,to remember,.,不定式做定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之后。,与被修饰名词的关系？,可能是主谓，也可能是动宾。,I stay here,to see,what would,happen.,In 1935,he left home never,to return,.,I trembled,to think,of it.,不定式做状语,表目的,；逻辑主语一般是全句的主语。（in order to,so as to;可置于句首）,表结果,：逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语。,表原因,：逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语。,She stood up,to be seen,better.,He was lucky,to have found,the child.,He hurried home only,to find,that his father was dead.,I want you to be happy.,He was seen to enter the hall.,不定式做补语：,宾语补语和主语补语,不定式作宾语补语与宾语的关系：,主谓关系；,做主语补语与主语的关系：,主谓关系;,有一些动词后面的宾语补语常常是to be+adj.:,类似的动词有：,believe,consider,declare,find,imagine,know,prove,suppose,feel,think,understand 等。,to be 在consider,believe,declare,find,prove,think,imagine等之后常常可以省去：,如：We believe her(,to be,)innocent.,有一些动词后面做宾语补语的不定式通常不带to,1)感觉动词：feel,see,hear,watch,notice 等,I saw him come.,We felt the house shake.,2)使役动词：let,make,have等,We make the boy go there early.,这两种情况转换成被动结构时，要补上to,He was seen to come.,The boy was made to go there early.,不定式的否定,不定式的否定结构由not或never加不定式构成,He decided to do it.,She wished never to see him again.,He decided not to do it.,She never wished to see him again.,不定式的特殊现象,不带,to,的不定式,省去动词原形的不定式,不定式做独立成分,不定式独立结构,不定式引导的独立句,for+,名词（代词）,+,不定式,ing形式,传统语法区别动名词和现在分词,形式：V ing,ing形式的时态和语态,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,doing,being done,完成式,having done,having been done,Singing is great fun.,ing形式做主语,相当于名词的用法，所以这里的ing形式为动名词。,常用it做形式主语：,It is no use crying.,It is no good objecting.,It is useless speaking.,It is so nice sitting here with you.等,The most important thing is getting there in time.,The news is encouraging.,ing形式可以做表语,前者为动名词，作用相当于名词,后者为现在分词，作用相当于形容词,辨析：,She was washing clothes.,Her job was washing clothes.,前者为现在进行时，后者为动名词做表语,I have finished reading that book.,She is afraid of going out alone.,ing形式可以做宾语，此时的作用也相当于名词，所以为动名词。,He may be in the reading room,as far as I know.,He is a charming child.,ing形式可以做定语，前者侧重于名词属性，故为动名词,后者侧重于形容词属性，故为现在分词。,There were no students reading.,现在分词有时也可以置于所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句。,Being sick,I stayed at home.,You will only make yourself more tired,keeping on your feet.,It rained heavily,causing severe flood in the country.,She came into the house,carrying a basket of vegetables.,ing形式做状语,表原因，结果，条件，伴随,让步等,ing形式做状语,逻辑主语一般与句子主语一致,不一致时就出现了悬垂形式：,无论吃饭还是睡觉，这个问题总是浮现在我的脑海里。,Walking or sleeping,this subject was always in my mind.,I saw the naughty boy,hitting,the dog.,We keep the fire,burning,all the time.,This is called,dreaming,a daydream.,The naughty boy was seen,hitting,the dog.,ing形式可做补语，往往用于表示感觉的动词的宾语补语。如：smell，observe,watch,notice,look at,listen to 等,使役动词have,set,get,catch,keep 后的宾语也可以使用现在分词作补足语。,ing 独立结构,The question being settled,we went home.,ing形式可以有其独立的逻辑主语，置于现在分词之前，构成一种分词独立结构。,ed形式,过去分词在句子中不可做谓语，它相当于形容词和副词，在句中可做表语，定语，状语。,过去分词的逻辑主语一般可以在句子中找到。,Hes,gone.,We are,determined,to use this plan.,过去分词可以做表语，相当于形容词。,Gone are the days when they could do whatever they liked.,他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。,过去分词做表语，可以置于句首，处理成倒装结构。,Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the,unknown,soldier?,Improved,management is important.,过去分词作定语，可以放在被修饰的名词之前，可以表达已经发生的动作，也可以表达将要发生的动作。,He wants his egg fried.,他要吃煎鸡蛋。,过去分词后置，往往有暂时性。,The concert,given,by the orchestra was a great success.,过去分词短语做定语时，一般后置，意义相当于一个定语从句，比较简洁。,Heated,th