Articulation关节学中南大学

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Arthrology,Xuegang,Luo,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology,Xiangya,School of Medicine, CSU,P,I. General Description,Archimedes said:,Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth.,R,F,1.,Classification of Levers in Movement,1.,First class 2. Second class 3. Third class,Atlantooccipital,Elbow Ankle,Articulation,（,joints,）,Synarthrosis（immovable,articulation）,直接连接（不动关节）,Diarthrosis（movable,articulation）,间接连接（可动关节）,Fibrous joints,纤维连结,Cartilaginous joints,软骨连结,Osseous joints,骨性连结,Synovial,joints,滑膜关节,2. Classification of the Joint,骨连结（关节）,1. Fibrous Joints,Bones held closely together by fibrous,connective tissue,II.,Synarthrosis,Interosseous,membrane of leg,2. Cartilaginous Joints,Bones tightly connected by,fibrocartilage,or hyaline cartilage,Intervertebral,disc Pubic,symphysis,Epiphyseal,plate,3. Osseous joints,Bones tightly connected by bony tissue,Fibrous,Joints,Cartilaginous,Joints,Osseous,joints,III.,Synovial,Joints,Synovial,cavity separates articulating bones,Freely moveable (,diarthrosis,),Articular,Surface,Articular,Capsule,Articular,Cavity,1. Essential Structure:,1.1,Articular,Surface,Articular,Cartilage,reduces friction,absorbs shock,Male/Female,Area difference,1.2,Articular,Capsule,Surrounds joint,Two layers:,Fibrous,membrane,Synovial,membrane,1.3,Articular,Cavity,Magdeburg Hemispheres,Surrounded by,synovial,membrane and,articular,cartilage,Potential space,Synovial,fluid filled,Negative to the atmosphere pressure,Example of,Synovial,Joint,2. The accessory structure,Ligaments,Articular,discs or labrum,Synovial,fold & bursa,Intracapsular,ligaments,within capsule,2.1 Ligaments,Extracapsular,ligaments,outside joint capsule,2.2,Articular,discs,Attached around edges to capsule,Make the,articular,surfaces fitting with each other,Diminish the shock of the joint,Prolapsed disc,Annulus,fibrosus,Nucleus,pulposus,Root of spinal,nerve,Spinal cord,2.3,Synovial,Bursa,Between skin/bone or tendon/bone or ligament/bone,Fluid-filled saclike extensions of the joint cavity,Reduce friction between moving structures,Saclike structures,3. The movement of,synovial,joints,Flexion (,屈,):,decreasing the joint angle,Extension (,伸,):,increasing the angle,Abduction (,展,):,away from median plane of the body,Adduction (,收,):,close to median plane of the body,Rotation (,旋转,):,turn the anterior surface to or from,the midline,Circumduction,(,环转,):,Combination of flexion, extension,adduction and abduction,3.1 Flexion & Extension,Around frontal axis,Dorsiflexion(Extension,),Plantarflexion,(Flexion),3.2 Abduction, Adduction,Around,Sagittal,Axis,3.3 Rotation,Around vertical axis,Pronation,(,旋前,),Supination,(,旋后,),3.4,Circumduction,Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction,Occurs at ball and socket, saddle and,condyloid,joints,The movements of three axis joints,Frontal Axis,Sagittal,Axis,Vertical Axis,3.5 Summary,4 Classification of Articulations,4.1,One Axis,Hinge joint (,屈戌关节,),或称为滑车关节,Pivot joint,（,车轴关节,）,4.2,Two Axis,Ellipsoid joint,（,椭圆关节）,Saddle joint,（,鞍状关节）,4.3,Three Axis,Ball and socket joint (,球窝关节),Planar joint （,平面关节）,4.1.1 Hinge Joint,Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of 2,nd,bone,Movements produced,flexion,extension,Examples,Knee, elbow, ankle joints,4.1.2 Pivot Joint,Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2,nd,bone & ligament,It allows only rotation around longitudinal axis,Examples,Proximal,radioulnar,joint,Atlanto,-axial joint,4.2.1,Condyloid,or Ellipsoidal Joint,Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression,Biaxial = flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possible,Examples,wrist and,metacarpophalangeal,joints for digits 2 to 5,4.2.2 Saddle Joint,The,articular,surfaces are saddled-shaped;,Biaxial movements,Example,Carpometacarpal,joint of the thumb,4.3.1 Ball and Socket Joint,Ball fitting into a cuplike depression,Multiaxial,flexion/extension,abduction/adduction,rotation,Examples,shoulder joint,hip joint,4.3.2 Planar Joint,Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved,Side to side movement only,rotation prevented by ligaments,Examples,intercarpal,or,intertarsal,joints,sternoclavicular,joint,vertebrocostal,joints,IV. Shoulder Joint,Head of,humerus,and,glenoid,cavity of scapula,Ball and socket,All types of movement,1. Composition,Articular,capsule from,glenoid,cavity to anatomical neck,Glenoid,labrum deepens socket,Many bursa nearby the joint (,subacromial,),2. Structures,3. Ligaments,Associated ligaments and muscles strengthen joint capsule,Transverse humeral ligament holds biceps tendon in place,IV. Hip Joint,Head of femur and,acetabulum,of hip bone,Ball and socket type of joint,All types of movement possible,1. Composition,Acetabular,labrum,Ligament of the head of the femur,Articular,capsule,2. Structures,3. Ligaments,Dense, strong capsule reinforced by ligaments,iliofemoral,ligament,pubofemoral,ligament,ischiofemoral,ligament,One of strongest structures in the body,Tab. 1: Comparison of the Structures between Hip and Shoulder Joints,Joint,SD,Capsule,Lig,.,Hip,Small dense strong 3 A limited bigger,Stability,Shoulder,large loose weak 3 A unlimited smaller,Mov,.,Range,Thank you!,