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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Coca Cola,Coca Cola,一、Industrial Analysis,可口可乐公司简介,1886年5月,可口可乐首次面世于美国佐治亚洲亚特兰大市的雅各布药店,至今已近115岁了.可口可乐公司是全世界最大的饮料公司,也是软饮料销售市场的领袖和先锋,透过全球最大的分销系统,畅销世界超过200个国家及地区,每日饮用量达10亿杯,占全世界软饮料市场的48%,其品牌价值已超过700亿美元,是世界第一品牌.,百事可乐公司简介,百事可乐公司”1919年诞生于美国纽约,在第二次世界大战之后迅速崛起。到了20世纪40年代末,百事发展成为成功的专业软饮料企业。到1996年通过百事的首席执行官韦尼科列威执行的关联性多元化战略,百事可乐公司形成了8大组成部分:百事可乐北美公司,百事可乐国际公司,弗里托雷公司,百事可乐食品国际公司,必胜客比萨饼世界公司,泰科贝尔世界公司,肯德基炸鸡公司和百事可乐系统世界公司。现在,其经营范围已延伸到海外134个国家之中。据统计,全球有30亿人口品尝过百事可乐。,行业内部竞争,美国软饮料行业内部基本上只有两个竞争者(因为两个公司占70%的市场占有率),但是这两个品牌在顾客感受和印象上有一定的差异。,两大公司之间的竞争为什么没有失去控制呢?原因是它们进行竞争的目的不是要消灭对方,而是为了获得优势和利润。,行业进入壁垒,两大可乐公司在软饮料行业都具有悠久的历史和巨大的广告投入,历史和广告影响使可口可乐和百事可乐这两大品牌成为美国文化的象征。,特许经营制度使两大公司不用巨大的投资就获得了巨大的规模。每一个潜在进入者在决定进入之前都会仔细想想自己在单位产品经营成本上是否有可能超过这两公司。,行业垄断的根本原因,限制性的行业内部竞争,锁定的购买者,“秘密的配方 ”,Coca Cola,二、背景分析,(一)关于可口可乐,1、饮料行业的龙头老大,已有100年历史,2、专业化的浓缩液制造商,3、处于一个发展缓慢的行业,:,80年代初, 人均软饮料消费在美国和国际上增长十分缓慢。,80年代初期,行业平均增长速度国内是3%。,4、可口可乐公司国内增长5%,国外增长7%。,5、可口可乐的市场价值从1984年的40亿美元,1999年增加到的165亿美元,并占有全球软饮料市 场的46%。,(二)80、90年代的掌门人,Business Strategy,September/October 1999对在过去100年时间里为工商企业发展做出突出贡献的企业家、理论家做了一个简单的描述。高兹耶达榜上有名。,罗波特.高兹耶达(Roberto Goizueta,1931-1997),古巴籍美国人,自80年代初期开始担任可口可乐公司CEO。在他16年执政期间,可口可乐公司市值从43亿美元增至147亿美元。,Roberto Goizueta的困境,他掌门以后,可乐公司首先面临的挑战就是如何解决独立运作的装瓶商不友好的经营行为(,hostage,);其次面临的是大型国际零售集团的高比例折扣的要求,尤其装瓶工厂在满足连锁商店需求方面缺乏灵活性。第三,秒年里毫年 来自百事公司竞争的压力。百事可乐公司实施了收购快餐连锁店的计划,而且百事公司还大力向体育产业扩张,获得一些更加盈利的销售渠道。,Roberto Goizueta的商业思路,在这种背景下,Goizueta采取了从独立装瓶厂手里回购可乐的分销体系,同时采取了大胆的全球扩张计划。,加快向快餐及自动饮水机事业的拓展。这种做法使可乐公司取得了高于零售商店销售2倍的利润回报。,Roberto Goizueta 的回报,In the 20years between 1977 and 1997, Coke management built an extraordinary powerful business design,A highly aligned manufacturer-bottler-distribution system, which has created the lowest cost manufacturing, bottling, and logistics in the industry, and which focuses investment on the profit zones in the value chain.,It achieved: (1) the worlds strongest brand; (2) cost effective advertising; plus licensing and signage; and (3) a large number of solid positions in international markets.,(三)可口可乐的早期经营模式,软饮料行业的价值链,浓缩液制造装瓶,库存分销广告促销,零售客,户关系管理等环节,1、可口可乐早期的价值活动定位,浓缩液的制造商,商标使用授权与广告(每年6亿美元的广告费用),(三)可口可乐的早期经营模式,2、向区域性的企业提供独家装瓶许可和地区销售许可权,可乐公司在各个装瓶厂几乎不占任何股份。,在当时的情况下,每个装瓶商都与可口可乐签定“特许协议合同”。合同中规定浓缩液的价格,以及授予装瓶商地区独家经营权-这种早期的特许装瓶商模式取得了巨大成功。消费者满意,装瓶商致富,可口可乐则成为头号大公司。,(三)可口可乐的早期经营模式,在没有任何股份的情况下,可乐公司如何控制装瓶企业呢?,1。加强对员工的培训:有的去国外参加培训,有的在国内。如在天津就建立得了可乐的培训中心;在上海与复旦大学开办了可乐公司的尚武学院。,2。每一个岗位都有严格的规定,比如经验、技能等。,3。为装瓶企业制定了严格的标准,要求企业必须达到,如果达不到,就要检讨原因,并限制日期改进。,4。积极推进本地化策略。,Coca Cola,三、行业变化和对可乐公司的挑战,(一)70年代末以来竞争环境的变化,1、饮料市场竞争加剧:百事可乐、非碳酸饮料。,2、大型超市连锁成为零售的主流。它们要求装瓶商提供:(A) 较低廉的价格 ;(B) 统一、便捷的全球服务;(C) 大批量的及时供货能力。,3、人们的生活方式快速变化,旅游和方便对饮料的销售方式提出了新的要求。,续前:生活方式变化的直接冲击,由于商业发展和旅游事业的推动,饭店、机场、娱乐场所等日益成为扩大销售和赚取高利润的特定场所,在这些场所尤其受到推崇的是自助消费,而且与摆在货架上的产品相比,人们往往忽视了价格,而更重视方便、实用和及时。,传统的食品店领域(非自助消费)逐渐变成低利润区。,(二)行业变化对早期业务模式的冲击,可口可乐的特许装瓶商:(A) 独立经营,具有不同的利润水平和资本结构,难以形成统一价格;(B)长期独占销售权,不积极推动销售规模的扩张;(C)缺乏资本,无法投资于新的装瓶技术、交货技能和方法。,这种生产和销售体系逐渐成为大型占领大型超级市场和高利润销售区域的障碍。,Coca Cola,四、新的经营模式,(一) 可口可乐新的经营模式,1、扩大消费者的范围-顾客选择,2、成为价值链的管理者-价值获得,3 、对销售渠道进行重组-战略控制,4、关键业务的确定与拓展-范围界定,5。进军国际市场。,6、从追求市场份额转变为努力增加股东的价值。,1、扩大消费者的范围,扩大消费者的范围,重新界定产品市场定位。把“饮料”消费者的概念,变为“饮品”消费者的概念,决定什么液体流入人们口中。包括,juices, milk, coffee, tea, and beer。,2、价值链管理者Focus on value growth,不局限于现有的业务领域,从出售浓缩液向装瓶、零售等高附加值的领域扩展,Coke enhanced earnings predictability through its improved ability to manage the value chain, from syrup to distribution, through an improved position in the high margin vending and cooler segment, and through the generation of the resources needed to support a global super-brand.,3、对销售渠道进行重组,以消费者为中心,从满足消费者的需求出发,改造与装瓶商的关系,加强对装瓶商的控制.,重组与装瓶商的商业关系的具体做法,(1)收购装瓶商的部分股权、回购特许经营权,向友善的、有能力的装瓶商出售浓缩液。,(2)对装瓶商进行投资和现代化改造,协助对主要客户进行市场营销,(3)引导装瓶商进入高利润领域,使其经营更有效,(4)对新的装瓶商和经销商提供资金支持,确保其能配合公司的增长战略,4、关键业务活动与拓展,(1)强调低成本的销售渠道建设策略, 加大在高利润销售场所的销售规模, 大力发展自助消费。在饭店、商店、机场、宾馆等场所Using Vending machines to capture value.,(2)建立全球化的战略同盟:麦当劳、迪斯尼。,(3)进军国外市场,努力实施当地化战略。,(4)加快产品的系列化开发。,5、进军海外市场,进军国际市场所面对的一个基本问题就是市场的不连续性问题。所以跨国企业所遇到的关键问题就是属地化问题。,可乐公司致力于与若干东道国的大型的、先进的“骨干”装瓶商进行合作,为所在地区或国家提供可口可乐。目前,已经在东欧、西欧、拉丁美洲、澳大利亚、东南亚等地建立了强大的骨干装瓶商的网络。,6、增加股东的价值,An explicit and relentless focus on shareholder value growth as the objectives of corporation strategy. It addresses the key factors includes (1) the value creation rather than market share, (2) operating profit momentum, and (3) predictable, sustained performance.,Coke devotion to value creation is evidenced by Goizuetas statement that “we define a brands true strength based on its ability to command a premium price”.,采用资本运作等有效手段,增加股东的价值,在可乐公司收购了部分装瓶商以后,出现了一些非常棘手的问题,主要是:扩大了可乐公司的资产规模,影响股东收益。(资产密集度=资产/销售额),解决方案;成立可口可乐装瓶商控股公司,对收购的装瓶商实行控股,可口可乐持有49%,其余51%上市公开发行。,结果:(1)可口可乐公司的财务报表不显示装瓶商的财务状况,降低了资产密集度;(2)实现了对装瓶商的控制;(3)上市募集的资金可用于再收购装瓶商或用于对现有装瓶商的资金投入和技术投入。,Coca Cola,五、New Operational Management Structure,Background,Atlanta, march 4, 2001- Consistent with its strategy to meet the changing needs of consumers everywhere, the Coca Cola company (NYSE: KO) today announced a new operational management structure.,COMPANY CHAIRMAN AND CEO Doug Daft said, we enter the next phase of our company growth, it is clear that our new business model demands a new management approach.,The new Structure,The company established four strategic Business Units: America, Asia, Europe/Africa, and new business ventures.,Each SBU has its own own executive officer. These units will work together as a nimble and entreprneurial network well equipped to seize promising market opportunities and capture value.,The heads of three SBUs will report to Daft, and will facilitate the development of local initiatives within the company new business model.,All other corporate functions will maintain their current reporting responsibilities.,Coca Cola,六、Corporate Culture,2L+3O,Localization:可乐公司在中国的系统共有1。5万员工,外籍员工只有20人。,Long-term:连续10年没有赢利。,Optimistic:相信明天会更好。,Opportunity:要让更多的人喝可乐,而且要让他们喝得更多。,Obligation:在每一个地方,都要拿出赢利的一部分做社会公益事业。,Coca Cola,七、启示,对中国企业的启示启示,企业的经营模式必须体现:,(1)对经营环境和行业变化进行充分的认识和论证,并以动态的而不是静止的观点看待企业今后的变化趋势。,(2)以消费者为中心,把企业的价值增长建立在满足消费者需求的基础上。,组织模式必须与经营模式相适应。,Remarks,The elements of Cokes story, while dramatic, arent unique. Any company can enjoy the benefits of business design.,Coca Cola,八、战略分析,(一)Why Coke Succeeded in the past,可口可乐的成功在于它把主要精力放在了起关键作用的价值创造部分上。一是质量管理和对糖浆生产工艺进行持续有效的管理;二是强有力的品牌意识,保持其在国际市场上长盛不衰。很多可口可乐的装瓶商都具有相当程度的局域性和独立性,但是大多数可口可乐的消费者根本就不知道或不关心他们消费的饮品是如何通过可口可乐庞大的销售网络送到他们的手中的。这是一个应用80/20规则最完美的例子.,80/20规则见下页。,80/20 rule,主要的少数是关键的。但是也并不是唯一的(The Critical, The Few, The Vital, But Not Necessarily the Only),可乐公司自80年代开始的战略经营调整和创新能够说明这个问题。,80/20 Rule,Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) discover the rule after looking at the pattern of wealth and income in 19,th,century in England. Essentially the rule states that outcomes are predictably unbalanced. Here are some ways to state the rule:,80% of outputs results from 20%;,80%consequences flow from 20% of causes;,80% of results com from 20% of effort.,(二)Why thing go better at COKE,Rick Wise: Why thing go better at COKE, Journal of Business Strategy, December, 1999,Rick Wise is a vice president of Mercer Management Consulting Based in Boston. He proposed:,Traditional business strategy would not have helped this lumbering behemoth trapped in a mature, slow-growth market. It took a whole new business design.,New Rules: Business design,Some companies succeeded because they broke the old rues of business success. It demonstrates that business must be driven by a strategy framework that recognizes and embraces the requirements of todays marketplace.,The discipline of business design-the entire system by which a company delivers the utility to its customers and thereby generates shareholder value growth.,The new framework of business design,The new framework of business design, it design in four dimensions:,1. a customer-centric, rather than a product-centric focus;,2. an expansive rather than a narrow view of business landscape;,3. a dynamic rather than a static perspective on future market environment; and most important,4. an emphasis on strategic dimensions that drives shareholder value growth.,Strategic dimensions that drives shareholder value growth,(1) Customer Selection,(2) Value capture,(3) Strategic control,(4) Scope,(5) Organizational system,(1) Customer Selection,It involves choosing which sets of customers hold the greatest potential for long-term profit growth. The choice should change as value migrates to a new customer set or new segments.,(2) Value capture,Value capture describes how the company gets rewarded for the value creates for its customers. Rather than relying on value captured largely through product sales and service fees, progressive, value-building firms employ an extensive repertoire that includes financing, ancillary products, solutions, and licensing.,(3) Strategic control,Strategic control refers to a companys ability to protect its profit stream. It answers the question, “why should (must) a customer buy from me?” There are many types of strategic control points, including brand, a two-year product development lead, control of the value-chain, and ownership of a de facto industry standard.,(4) Scope,Scope involves choosing critical activities and product and service offerings. The key question here is “what activities do I need to perform to remain customer-relevant, to generate high profits, and to maintain strategic control?”,(5) Organizational system,Organizational system are internal capabilities required for translating the four elements above into marketplace success.,Conclusion,Learn by heart, decision made in each of the five dimensions affect choices in the other dimensions. So crafting a successful business design requires that all the parts work in harmony and are mutually reinforcing.,
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