SPC-统计制程品管培训

突破创新,精益求精,SPC统计过程控制,QS9000系列教材,SPC统计过程控制,QS/TS,特殊特性,关注焦点,QS/TS关注焦点,开发和选择,特殊特性要求,标识,定义,要求,顾客、CFT跨功能小组（CC/SC）,CP、FMEA、SOP、SIP、图纸,安全性、政府法规符合性、配合与功能,规定的符号（产品/过程特性）,控制,受控（管制图）与能力要（CPK/PPK）,制 程 中 对 策,绩 效 报 告,成 品 改 善,制 程,人员 设备 材料,方法 环境,成 品,制 程 管 制 系 统,SPC&SQC,PROCESS,原料,测,量,结,果,针对产,品所做的仍只是在做,SQC,針对过程的重要控制参数所做的才是,SPC,K,在内之或然率,在外之或然率,0.67,50.00%,50.00%,1,68.26%,31.74%,1.96,95.00%,5.00%,2,95.45%,4.55%,2.58,99.00%,1.00%,3,99.73%,0.27%,常 态 分 配,预,防或容忍?,PROCESS,原料,人,机,法,环,测,量,测,量,结,果,好,不好,不要等产品做出来后再去看它好不好,而是在制造的時候就要把它制造好,99.73%,95.45%,68.26%,常 态 分 配,-3,+3,UCL,CL,LCL,转90,。,管 制 界 限 的 构 成,共同原因：制程中变异因素是在统计的管制状态下，,其产品之特性有固定的分配。,特殊原因：制程中变异因素不在统计的管制状态下，,其产品之特性没有固定的分配。,共同原因与特殊原因之变异,大小,预测,时间,共同原因与特殊原因之变异,大小,预测,时间,制程中有特殊原因的变异,-3,1,+3,2,第一种错误与第二种错误（ risk ; risk）,第一种错误与第二种错误（ risk ; risk）,管制界限,值,1, 2, 3, 4,31.74%,4.56%,0.27%,6/10,3,%,平均值移动,1值,1, 2, 3, 4,97.72%,84.13%,50.00%,15.87%,2.28%,15.87%50.11%84.13%,共同原因与特殊原因之对策,1、特殊原因之对策（局部面）,通常会牵涉到消除产生变异的特殊原因,可以由制程人员直接加以改善,大约能够解决15%之制程上之问题,2、共同原因之对策（系统面）,通常必须改善造成变异的共同问题,经常需要管理阶层的努力与对策,大约85%的问题是属于此类系统,PLAN,DO,STUDY,ACT,PLAN,DO,STUDY,ACT,PLAN,DO,STUDY,ACT,过程改进循环,1、分析过程,本过程应做些什么,会出现什么错误,达到统计控制状态,确定能力,2.维让过程,监控过程性能,查找偏差的特殊,原因并采取措施,3,.改进过程,改变过程从而更好,理解普通原因变差,減少普通原因变差,SPC 导 入 流 程,建立可解决问题之系统,确认关键制程及特性,导入SPC进行关键,制程及特性之管制,检讨制程能力,符合规格程序,持续进行制程改善计划,导入SPC进行关键,制程及特性之管制,提报及执行制,程改善计划,不 足,足 够,管制图的应用,决定管制项目,决定管制标准,决定抽样方法,选用管制图的格式,记入管制界限,绘点、实施,重新检讨管制图,处置措施,管制图判读,OK,OK,NG,管制图的选择,管 制 图 的 选 择,数据性质？,数据系不良数,或缺点数,样本大小,n=?,n,是否相等？,单位大小,是否相关,u,管,制,图,C,管,制,图,P,管,制,图,Pn,管,制,图,CL,性质？,X-Rm,管,制,图,n,=?,X-,管,制,图,X-R,管,制,图,X-R,管,制,图,计量值,计数值,n 2,n = 1,不是,缺点数,是,不是,是,X,X,n 10,n =,2,5,n = 3或5,CASE STUDY,质,量特性,样,本数,选,用什麼图,长,度,5,重量,10,乙醇比重,1,电灯,亮不亮,100,每一百平方米的髒点,100平方米,建立控制图的四步骤,A,收集数据,B计,算控制限,C过,程控制解释,D过,程能力解释,建立,X-R图,的步骤,A,阶段收集数据,A1选择,子组大小、频率和数据,子组大小,子组频率,子组数大小,A2,建立控制图及记录原始记录,A3计,算每个子组的均值,X,和极差,R,A4选择,控制图的刻度,A5将,均值和极差书到控制图上,取样的方式,取样必须达到组內变异小，组间变异大,样本数、频率、组数的说明(25组以上，每组4-5个数据）,每组的平均值和极差的计算,1,100,98,99,100,98,2,98,99,98,101,97,3,99,97,100,100,98,4,100,100,101,99,99,5,101,99,99,100,99,平均,99.6,98.6,99.4,100,98.2,极,差,3,3,3,2,2,平均值和极差,平均值的,计,算,R,值的计算,计算控制限,B1计,算平均极差及过程平均值,B2计,算控制限,B3,在控制图上作出平均值和,极差控制限的控制线,建立,X-R图,的步骤,B,过程控制解释,C1,分析极差图上的数据点,C2识,別并标注特殊原因(极差图),C3,重新计算控制界限(极差图),C4,分析均值图上的数据点,超出控制限的点,链,明显的非随机图形,超出控制限的点,链,明显的非随机图形,C5识,別并标注特殊原因(均值图),C6,重新计算控制界限(均值图),C7为,了继续进行控制延长控制限,建立,X-R图,的步骤,C,控制图的判读,超出控制界限的点：出现一个或多个点超出任何一个控制界限是该点处于失控状态的主要证据,UCL,CL,LCL,异,常,异,常,控制图的判读,链,：有下列现象之一即表明过程已改变,连续,7点位于平均值的一侧,连续7点上升(后点等于或大于前点)或下降。,UCL,CL,LCL,控制图的判读,明显的非随机图形：应依正态分布来判定图形，正常应是有2/3的点落于中间1/3的区域,。,UCL,CL,LCL,Case study,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,1,67,76,74,72,76,74,70,72,70,73,74,73,70,72,2,68,75,73,74,78,74,72,74,78,76,74,76,75,79,3,68,77,96,75,78,71,73,75,77,75,76,77,75,80,4,69,79,95,72,80,72,71,76,72,75,77,72,72,78,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,1,75,74,70,62,74,78,80,80,72,55,70,73,72,73,2,74,78,65,64,75,77,81,79,68,56,72,73,74,72,3,78,77,65,62,76,72,81,74,68,58,71,76,70,74,4,79,72,64,61,75,73,79,74,65,56,72,74,74,76,请计,算出上表的,X-R,控制图的控制限？,请判定过程是否稳定？,如果是不稳定该如何处理？,如果制程假设已稳定，但想将抽样数自,n=4调为n=5时,，那么其新控制限为何？,Case study,过程能力解释,D1计,算过程的标准偏差,D2计,算过程能力,D3评价过,程能力,D4,提高过程能力,D5对,修改的过程绘制控制图并分析,建立,X-R图,的步骤,D,解析用与管制用管制图,目的,时机,方法,要求,解析用,订定管制界限,量试,收集数据,计算并描绘管制界限,描点绘图,分析判读,确定管制界限,PPK,管制用,分析判读,量产,已有管制界限,收集数据,描点连线,分析异常,及时管理,CPK,1、CPK（稳定的过程）/PPK（不稳定的过程）,制程能力要求,2、CPK大于或等于1.33；PPK大于或等于1.67,3、能力不足或不稳定时应100%全检并执行反应计划,4、能力过高时（CPK/PPK大于或等于3）应修改CP,制程能力计算方法,3、Cpk（制程能力）,Cpk = （1 - |Ca|）Cp,制程能力计算方法,CPK与PPK的区别,群体,平均值=,标准,差=,对,的估计,群体标准差的估计,Case study,请,依照上个,case study,的数据，计算其下列的各项指标结果，假设其规格为：755。,Ca,Cp,Cpk,Pp,Ppk,XR管制图（平均值与全距）,1、公 式：,（1）X 管制图 （2）R 管制图,CL = X CL = R,UCL = X + A,2,R UCL = D,4,R,LCL = X - A,2,R LCL = D,3,R,2、实 例,某工厂制造一批紫铜管，应用 X-R管,制图来控制其内径，尺寸单位为m/m，,利用下页数据表之资料，求得其管制,界限并绘图。（n=5）,=,=,=,XR管制图用数据表,制品名称：紫铜管 品质特性：内径 测定单位：m/m 制造场所：XXX,机械号码：XXX 操 作 者 ：XXX 测 定 者 ：XXX 抽样期限：自 年 月 日,至 年 月 日,样组,测定值,X,R,样组,测定值,X,R,X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,50,47,46,50,46,50,47,48,50,49,51,50,49,50,53,45,48,48,49,49,50,50,51,50,50,49,49,53,49,49,50,52,50,46,49,51,49,49,49,52,45,48,49,54,51,48,49,51,46,46,52,50,51,50,49,52,50,54,52,51,53,48,50,51,55,50.4,49.6,47.4,49.6,49.6,51.2,49.2,48.8,50.6,49.0,49.2,50.4,50.4,3,8,4,4,8,5,5,5,4,5,5,3,6,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,53,53,46,50,50,52,50,52,55,50,47,53,48,48,50,52,49,49,47,49,54,54,51,51,47,49,53,49,50,52,50,51,51,52,51,51,52,51,51,49,49,53,53,53,51,50,52,50,51,52,53,49,51,50,52,50,50,49,52,51,50.2,50.6,50.6,49.8,49.8,51.2,50.4,51.0,52.2,51.0,50.6,51.2,1.254,6,5,7,3,2,4,6,4,5,5,5,3,120,XR绘 图 步 骤,1、将每样组之 X 与 R 算出记入数据表内。,2、求 X 与 R,X = = = 50.16,R = = = 4.8,3、查系数A,2,，D,4,，D,3,A,2,= 0.58 ，D,4,= 2.11 ，D,3,= 负值（以0代表）,X,R,n,n,1.254,120,25,25,=,=,XR绘 图 步 骤,4、求管制界限,(1)X 管制图,CL = X =50.16,UCL = X+A,2,R=50.16+(0.58)(4.8)=52.93,LCL = X-A,2,R=50.16-(0.58)(4.8)=47.39,(2)R 管制图,CL = R =4.8,UCL = D,4,R =(2.11)(4.8)=10.13,LCL = D,3,R =( 0 )(4.8)= 0,5、将管制界限绘入管制图,6、点图,7、检讨管制界限,=,=,=,XR 管 制 图,UCL,X,(52.93),CL,X,(50.16),LCL,X,(47.39),UCL,R,(10.15),CL,R,(4.8),LCL,R,(0),不良和缺陷的说明,结,果,举,例,控制,图,车辆,不泄漏泄漏,P,图,NP,图,灯,亮不亮,孔的直,径,尺寸太小或太大,约销,售商,发,的,货,正,确,不正,确,风,窗玻璃上的,气,泡,C,图,U,图,门,上油漆缺陷,发,票上的,错误,P,控制图的制做流程,A,收集数据,B计,算控制限,C过,程控制解释,D过,程能力解释,建立,p图,的步骤,A,阶段收集数据,A1选择,子组的容量、频率及数量,子组容量,分组频率,子组数量,A2计,算每个子组內的不合格品率,A3选择,控制图的坐标刻度,A4将,不合格品率描组在控制图,A1,子组容量、频率、数量,子组容量：用于计数型数据的控制图一般要求较大的子组容量(例如50200)以便检验出性能的变化，一般希望每组內能包括几个不合格品，但样本数如果太利也会有不利之处。,分组频率：应根据产品的周期确定分组的频率以便帮助分析和纠正发现的问题。时间隔短则反馈快，但也许与的子组容量的要求矛盾,子组数量：要大于等于25组以上，才能判定其稳定性。,A2计,算每个子组內的不合格品率,记录,每个子组內的下列值,被检项,目的数量,n,发现,的不合格项目的数量,np,通过这些数据计算不合格品率,A3选择,控制图的坐标刻度,描绘数据点用的图应将不合格品率作为从坐标，子组识別作为横坐标。纵坐标刻度应从0到初步研究数据读数中最大的不合格率值的1.5到2倍。,划图区域,A4将,不合格品率描绘在控制图上,描绘每个子组的,p,值，将这些点联成线通常有助于发现异常图形和趋势。,当点描完后，粗览一遍看看它们是否合理，如果任意一点比別的高出或低出许多，检查计算是否正确。,记录过程的变化或者可能影响过程的异常状況，当这些情况被发现时，将它们记录在控制图的“备注”部份。,计算控制限,B1,計算过程平均不合格品率,B2计,算上、下控制限,B3书线并标,注,建立,p,控制图的步驟,B,计,算平均不合格率及控制限,过程控制用控制图解释,C1,分析数据点，找出不稳定证据,C2寻,找并纠正特殊原因,C3,重新计算控制界限,超出控制限的点,链,明显的非随机图形,建立,p图,的步骤,C,分析数据点，找出不稳定的证据,点,线,面,以上三种方式做判定。,过程能力解释,D1计,算过程能力,D2评价过,程能力,D3改进过,程能力,D4绘,制并分析修改后的过程控制图,建立,p,的步驟,D,过,程能力解释,偶因和异因并存,找出异因,只剩偶因,运用控制图,过,程稳定,(连5点不超限),计,算过程能力,计,算过程能力,对于,p图,，过程能是通过过程平均不合率来表，当所有点都受控后才计算该值。如需要，还可以用符合规范的比例(1-,p)来,表示。,对于过程能力的初步估计值，应使用历史数据，但应剔除与特殊原因有关的数据点。,当正式研究过程能力时，应使用新的数据，最好是25个或更多时期子组，且所有的点都受统计控制。这些连续的受控的时期子组的,p,值是该过程当前能的更好的估计值。,Case study,组,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,“,n”,100,150,100,200,150,100,100,200,150,100,“,d”,1,0,1,3,2,1,0,2,1,0,组,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,“,n”,150,200,100,150,100,100,150,200,200,150,“,d”,0,1,0,2,0,1,0,2,1,0,组,21,22,23,24,25,“,n”,100,150,200,150,100,“,d”,0,1,2,0,1,Case study,请计,算出上表的,p,控制图的控制限？,请判定过程是否稳定？,如果是不稳定该如何处理？,P 管 制 图（不良率）,1、公 式,(1)公组样本大小,n,相等时：,CL = P = ,UCL= P +3 P（1-P）/n,LCL= P -3 P（1-P）/n,(2),n,不等，且相差小于20%时：,CL = P,UCL= P +3 P（1-P）/n,LCL= P -3 P（1-P）/n,(3),n,不等，且相差大于20%时：,CL = P,UCL= P +3 P（1-P）/ni,LCL= P -3 P（1-P）/ni,d,n,P 管 制 图（不良率）,2、实例,某工厂制造外销产品，每2小时抽取100件来检查，将检,查所得之不良品数据，列于下表，利用此项数据，绘制,不良率（P）管制图，控制其品质。,组别,n,d,p,组别,n,d,p,组别,n,d,p,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,3,4,3,8,5,5,7,5,5,6,0.03,0.04,0.03,0.08,0.05,0.05,0.07,0.06,0.05,0.06,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,3,6,8,5,2,3,6,2,7,5,0.03,0.06,0.08,0.05,0.02,0.03,0.06,0.02,0.07,0.05,21,22,23,24,25,100,100,100,100,100,5,8,4,5,4,0.05,0.08,0.04,0.05,0.04,合计,2500,125,平均,100,0.05,P 管 制 图 绘 图 步 骤,1、求管制界限,CL = P = = 0.05 = 5%,UCL = P +3 = 11.54%,LCL = P -3 （为负值，视为0）,125,2500,P（1 - P）,n,P（1 - P）,n,P 管 制 图 绘 图 步 骤,2、点绘管制图,UCL,CL,LCL,计量值管制图常用之系数表,取样数n,平均数管制图,标准差管制图,全距管制图,中位数管制图,个别值管制图,最大值,最小值,管制图,X 图,管制界限,中线,管制界限,中线,管制界限,管制界限,管制界限,管制界限,界限,系数,A,A1,A2,C2,1/C2,B1,B2,B3,B4,d2,1/d2,d3,D1,D2,D3,D4,A3,D5,D6,E2,A9,m3A2,C3,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,2.121,1.732,1.500,1.342,1.225,1.134,1.061,1.000,0.949,0.905,0.866,0.832,0.802,0.775,0.750,0.728,0.707,0.688,0.671,0.655,0.640,0.626,0.6120.600,3.760,2.394,1.880,1.596,1.410,1.277,1.175,1.094,1.028,0.973,0.925,0.834,0.848,0.816,0.788,0.762,0.738,0.717,0.697,0.679,0.662,0.647,0.632,0.619,1.880,1.023,0.729,0.577,0.483,0.419,0.373,0.337,0.308,0.285,0.266,0.249,0.235,0.223,0.212,0.203,0.194,0.187,0.180,0.173,0.167,0.162,0.157,0.153,0.5642,0.7236,0.7979,0.8407,0.8686,0.8882,0.9027,0.9139,0.9227,0.9300,0.9359,0.9410,0.9453,0.9490,0.9523,0.9551,0.9576,0.9599,0.9615,0.9638,0.9655,0.9670,0.9684,0.9696,1.7725,1.3820,1.2533,1.1894,1.1512,1.1259,1.1078,1.0942,1.0837,1.0753,1.0684,1.0627,1.0579,1.0537,1.0501,1.0470,1.0442,1.0418,1.0396,1.0376,1.0358,1.0342,1.0327,1.0313,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.026,0.105,0.167,0.219,0.262,0.299,0.331,0.359,0.384,0.406,0.427,0.445,0.461,0.477,0.491,0.504,0.516,0.527,0.538,0.548,1.843,1.858,1.808,1.756,1.711,1.572,1.638,1.609,1.584,1.561,1.541,1.523,1.507,1.492,1.478,1.465,1.454,1.443,1.433,1.424,1.415,1.407,1.399,1.392,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.030,0.118,0.185,0.239,0.284,0.321,0.354,0.382,0.406,0.428,0.448,0.466,0.482,0.497,0.510,0.523,0.534,0.515,0.555,0.565,3.267,2.568,2.266,2.089,1.970,1.882,1.815,1.761,1.716,1.679,1.645,1.618,1.594,1.572,1.552,1.534,1.518,1.503,1.490,1.477,1.466,1.455,1.445,1.435,1.128,1.693,2.059,2.326,2.534,2.704,2.847,2.970,3.078,3.173,3.258,3.336,3.407,3.472,3.532,3.588,3.640,3.689,3.735,3.778,3.819,3.858,3.895,3.931,0.8865,0.5907,0.4857,0.4289,0.3946,0.3698,0.3512,0.3367,0.3249,0.3152,0.3069,0.2998,0.2935,0.2880,0.2831,0.2787,0.2747,0.2711,0.2677,0.2647,0.2618,0.2592,0.2567,0.2544,0.853,0.888,0.880,0.864,0.348,0.333,0.820,0.808,0.797,0.787,0.778,0.770,0.762,0.755,0.749,0.743,0.738,0.733,0.729,0.724,0.720,0.716,0.712,0.709,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.205,0.387,0.546,0.687,0.812,0.924,1.026,1.121,1.207,1.285,1.359,1.426,1.490,1.548,1.606,1.659,1.710,1.759,1.804,3.685,4.358,4.698,4.918,5.078,5.205,5.307,5.394,5.469,5.534,5.592,5.646,5.693,5.737,5.779,5.817,5.854,5.888,5.922,5.950,5.979,6.006,6.031,6.058,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.076,0.136,0.184,0.223,0.256,0.284,0.308,0.329,0.348,0.364,0.379,0.392,0.404,0.414,0.425,0.434,0.443,0.452,0.459,3.267,2.575,2.282,2.115,2.004,1.924,1.864,1.816,1.777,1.744,1.716,1.692,1.671,1.652,1.636,1.621,1.608,1.596,1.586,1.575,1.566,1.567,1.548,1.541,2.224,1.265,0.829,0.712,0.562,0.520,0.441,0.419,0.369,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.078,0.139,0.187,0.227,3.865,2.745,2.375,2.179,2.055,1.967,1.901,1.850,1.809,2.665,1.772,1.457,1.290,1.184,1.109,1.054,1.010,0.975,2.695,1.826,1.522,1.363,1.263,1.191,1.143,1.104,1.072,1.880,1.187,0.796,0.691,0.549,0.509,0.432,0.412,0.363,0.603,0.463,0.387,0.341,0.308,0.282,0.262,0.246,0.232,SPC 应用之困难,1、少量多样之生产型态，不能管制。,2、管制计划不实际，无法落实。,3、使用SPC前未作充分准备。,例如：制程及管制特性之确定，决定量测方法，,数据如何收集等。,4、欠缺统计技术。,5、统计计算太过繁琐费时。,6、量测数据之有效数字位数未标准化。,7、管理阶层不支持。,SPC 能解决之问题,1、经济性：有效的抽样管制，不用全数检验，不良,率，得以控制成本。使制程稳定，能掌,握品质、成本与交期。,2、预警性：制程的异常趋势可即时对策，预防整批,不良，以减少浪费。,3、分辨特殊原因：作为局部问题对策或管理阶层系,统改进之参考。,4、善用机器设备：估计机器能力，可妥善安排适当,机器生产适当零件。,5、改善的评估：制程能力可作为改善前后比较之指,标。,6 概念,1、何谓六个制程？,制程精密度（Cp）= 2.0,制程能力指数（Cpk）1.5,2、以六个订为品质缺点的基准理由,。,在无制程变异情况下（Cp=Cpk=2），产生之缺点率仅为0.002ppm,。,在制程无法消除变异情况下，Cp=2，Cpk=1.5缺点率为3.4ppm,。,规格下限,常态分配,（规格中心不偏移）,规格上限,K,百分比(%),百万分缺点数,1,2,3,4,5,6,68.26,95.45,99.73,99.9937,99.999943,99.9999998,317400,45500,2700,63,0.57,0.002,规格下限,L5 L5,常态分配,规格中心值往左、右移动L5,规格上限,K,百分比(%),百万分缺点数,1,2,3,4,5,6,30.23,69.13,93.32,99.3790,99.97670,99.999660,697700,308700,66810,6210,233,3.4,规格界限宽度,K,Cp,不良率ppm,K,Cp,不良率ppm,0.00,0.17,0.33,0.50,0.67,0.83,1.00,1.17,1.33,1.50,1.67,1.83,2.00,2.17,2.33,2.50,2.67,2.83,3.00,0.00,0.06,0.11,0.17,0.22,0.28,0.33,0.39,0.44,0.50,0.56,0.61,0.67,0.72,0.78,0.83,0.89,0.94,1.00,1000000.000,867632.335,738882.680,617075.077,504985.075,404656.762,317310.508,243345.009,182422.439,133614.403,95580.705,66753.015,45500.264,30260.280,19630.658,12419.331,7660.761,4606.532,2699.796,3.33,3.50,3.66,3.83,4.00,4.16,4.33,4.50,4.66,4.83,5.00,5.16,5.33,5.50,5.66,5.83,6.00,6.16,6.33,1.11,1.17,1.22,1.28,1.33,1.39,1.44,1.50,1.55,1.61,1.67,1.72,1.78,1.83,1.89,1.94,2.00,2.05,2.11,868.460,471.110,248.954,128.143,64.241,31.363,14.911,6.903,3.111,1.365,0.583,0.243,0.098,0.039,0.015,0.006,0.002,0.001,0.000,标准差与ppm制品质水准对照表,（规格中心往左、右移动1.5）,标准差,ppm,标准差,ppm,标准差,ppm,标准差,ppm,标准差,ppm,标准差,ppm,标准差,ppm,1.00,1.10,1.20,1.30,1.40,1.50,1.60,1.70,1.80,1.90,2.00,2.10,2.20,2.30,2.40,2.50,2.60,2.70,2.80,2.90,3.00,3.10,3.20,697.700,655.400,617.900,579,300,539,800,500,000,460,200,420,700,382,100,344,600,308,733,274,300,242,000,211,900,184,100,158,700,135,700,115,100,96,800,80,760,66,803,54,800,44,570,3.30,3.40,3.50,3.60,3.70,3.80,3.85,3.90,3.91,3.92,3.93,3.94,3.95,3.96,3.97,3.98,3.99,4.00,4.01,4.02,4.03,4.04,4.05,35,930,28,720,22,750,17,860,13,900,10,720,9,387,8,198,7,976,7,760,7,549,7,344,7,143,6,947,6,756,6,569,6,387,6,200,6,036,5,868,5,703,5,543,5,386,4.06,4.07,4.08,4.09,4.10,4.11,4.12,4.13,4.14,4.15,4.16,4.17,4.18,4.19,4.20,4.21,4.22,4.23,4.24,4.25,4.26,4.27,4.28,5,234,5,085,4,940,4,799,4,661,4,527,4,396,4,269,4,145,4,024,3,907,3,792,3,681,3,572,3,467,3,364,3,264,3,167,3,072,2,980,2,890,2,803,2,718,4.29,4.30,4.31,4.32,4.33,4.34,4.35,4.36,4.37,4.38,4.39,4.40,4.41,4.42,4.43,4.44,4.45,4.46,4.47,4.48,4.49,4.50,4.51,2,635,2,555,2,477,2,401,2,327,2,256,2,186,2,118,2,052,1,988,1,927,1,866,1,807,1,750,1,695,1,641,1,589,1,538,1,489,1,441,1,395,1,350,1,306,4.52,4.53,4.54,4.55,4.56,4.57,4.58,4.59,4.60,4.61,4.62,4.63,4.64,4.65,4.66,4.67,4.68,4.69,4.70,4.71,4.72,4.73,4.74,1,264,1,223,1,183,1,144,1,107,1,070,1,035,1,001,968,935,904,874,848,816,789,762,736,711,687,664,641,619,598,4.75,4.76,4.77,4.78,4.79,4.80,4.81,4.82,4.83,4.84,4.85,4.86,4.87,4.88,4.89,4.90,4.91,4.92,4.93,4.94,4.95,4.96,4.97,577,557,538,519,501,484,467,450,434,419,404,390,376,363,350,337,325,313,302,291,280,270,260,4.98,4.99,5.00,5.01,5.02,5.03,5.04,5.05,5.06,5.07,5.08,5.09,5.10,5.20,5.30,5.40,5.50,5.60,5.70,5.80,5.90,6.00,251,242,233,224,216,208,200,193,186,179,172,166,159,108,72,48,31.8,20.8,13.4,8.6,4.8,3.4,SPC 的观点与建议,多使用计量型管制图,尽量少用或不用计数型管制图.,为什么?,谢谢观看,/,欢迎下载,BY FAITH I MEAN A VISION OF GOOD ONE CHERISHES AND THE ENTHUSIASM THAT PUSHES ONE TO SEEK ITS FULFILLMENT REGARDLESS OF OBSTACLES. BY FAITH I BY FAITH,