管理信息系统开发的基本流程教材

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level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,第五章,管理信息系统开发的基本流程,第一节 系统分析,第二节 系统设计,第三节 系统实施,第四节 系统维护,第五节 实例分析,第一节,系,系统分,析,析,一、系,统,统分析,的,的概念,系统分,析,析是管,理,理信息,系,系统开,发,发的第,一,一个阶,段,段，是,后,后续所,有,有工作,的,的起点,和,和依据,，,，也是,我,我们通,常,常说的,需,需求调,研,研或者,需,需求分,析,析阶段,，,，解决,“,“做什,么,么”的,问,问题。,系统分,析,析是将,在,在需求,调,调查中,所,所得到,的,的文档,资,资料、,业,业务流,程,程等结,果,果集中,到,到一起,，,，对企,业,业内部,整,整体管,理,理状况,和,和信息,处,处理过,程,程进行,分,分析。,系统分析的任务,在充分认识原信息系统的基础上，完成新系统的逻辑模型设计，解决系统“做什么”的问题。,系统分析在很大程度上决定了系统开发的成败。,数据、要求,计算机能处理的信息和功能,解决“做什么”的问题,了解用,户,户需求,和,和系统,现,现存问,题,题；确,定,定系统,目,目标；,可,可行性,分,分析；,业,业务调,查,查分析,；,；系统,数,数据和,功,功能分,析,析；形,成,成文档,。,。,二、业务流,程,程分析,调查管理业,务,务流程应顺,着,着原系统信,息,息流动的过,程,程逐步地进,行,行，内容包,括,括：各环节,的,的处理业务,、,、信息来源,、,、处理方法,、,、计算方法,、,、信息流经,去,去向、提供,信,信息的时间,和,和形态（报,告,告、单据、,屏,屏幕显示等,）,）。,（,1,）业务流程,调,调查的内容,（,2,）业务流程,图,图,管理业务流,程,程图是一种,描,描述系统内,各,各单位、人,员,员之间业务,关,关系、作业,顺,顺序和管理,信,信息流向的,图,图表，利用,它,它可以帮助,分,分析人员找,出,出业务流程,中,中的不合流,理,理向。,（,3,）业务流程,图,图的画法,有关业务流,程,程图的画法,，,，目前尚不,太,太统一，但,大,大同小异，,只,只是在一些,具,具体的规定,和,和所用的图,形,形符号方面,有,有些不同，,而,而在准确明,了,了地反映业,务,务流程方面,是,是非常一致,的,的。,业务流程图常用符号,业务流程图,的,的常用工具,之,之一,例如员工离,职,职的业务流,程,程如下：员,工,工向本部门,提,提出离职申,请,请，部门向,人,人事部提出,申,申请，人事,部,部进行审核,通,通过后向提,交,交给总经理,审,审批，人事,部,部下发离职,通,通知书，通,知,知员工办理,离,离职手续，,员,员工办理离,职,职手续后正,式,式离职。,案例 某企,业,业物资管理,的,的业务流程,分,分析,车间填写领,料,料单到仓库,领,领料，库长,根,根据用料计,划,划审批领料,单,单，未批准,的,的领料单退,回,回车间。,库工收到已,批,批准的领料,单,单后，首先,查,查阅库存账,，,，若有货，,则,则通知车间,前,前来领取所,需,需物料，并,登,登记用料流,水,水账，否则,将,将通知采购,人,人员缺货。,采购人员根,据,据缺货通知,，,，查阅订货,合,合同单，若,已,已订货，则,向,向供货单位,发,发出催货请,求,求，否则就,临,临时申请补,货,货。,供货单位发,出,出货物后，,立,立即向订货,单,单位发出提,货,货通知。,采购人员收,到,到提货通知,单,单后，就可,办,办理入库手,续,续。,库工验收入,库,库，并通知,车,车间领料。,仓库库工还,要,要依据库存,账,账和用料流,水,水账定期生,成,成库存的报,表,表，呈送有,关,关部门。,图例 说明,业务处理,单位,业务处理,描述,表格制作,传递,存储,收集资料,计划,处,银行,技改,处,各部门,各单位,局,领导,上级,领导,投资,总规划,更新改造,贷款规模,开会,讨论,报表,审批,综合平衡,（讨论）,批准,下达,各单位,各部门,正式,计划,计划,各单位,上报表,计划,处,各部门,各单位,技改,处,银行,各部门,各单位,存档,图例 说明,业务处理,单位,业务处理,描述,表格制作,传递,存储,收集资料,储户,存折,存取款单,存折 现金,存折,业务分类,存款单折,取款单折,存款处理,取款处理,利息文件,帐目文件,存取款业务,业务流程图,的,的常用工具,之,之二,课堂讨论背,景,景资料：生,产,产计划管理,流,流程设计,任务,1,：制定年度生产计划,1.,由生产部组织各工厂厂长，召开年度生产计划会议，并根据公司发展战略规定的生产目标、年度销售战略，编写公司年度生产计划；,2.,呈报运营总监审定；,3.,呈报公司总裁审批。,任务,3,：制定月度生产计划,由生产部部长组织各工厂厂长，召开月度生产计划会议，按照月度销售战略要求，制定各工厂月生产计划。,任务,2,：分解季度生产计划,年度生产计划获得批准后，每季度由生产部部长组织各工厂厂长，召开季度生产计划会议，按照季度销售战略要求，将年度生产计划分解为各工厂季度生产计划。,任务,4,：汇总原材料使用计划,1.,由生产部组织工厂分析产品，确定生产所需原材料、机械设备及工具的品种、规格、数量等，各工厂编写原材料使用计划，上报生产部，汇总原材料使用计划，编写,生产部用料汇总单,；,2.,上报财务部审定；,3.,根据购买额度及审批权限，报运营总监或公司总裁审批；,4.,原材料使用计划批准后，抄送给储运公司，储运公司准备采购生产用原材料。,任务,5,：生产过程调度,1.,各工厂组织生产，生产部对各工厂的生产过程进行监督、管理；,2.,生产部按照季度、月度召开生产调度会议，对生产过程的各种问题进行平衡、协调和调度；,3.,将产成品通过质检后入库；储运公司按照销售公司的订单，从成品库中提出货物，并负责向客户单位发送。,任务,6,：汇总统计报表,1.,各工厂统计,生产统计报表,；,2.,生产部汇总、编制公司的,生产统计报表,；,3.,呈报运营总监审批；,4.,呈报上级管理部门。,要 求：,根据所给的背景,资,资料，进行业务,流,流程的识别与设,计,计。,流程分析要点：,1.,该业务流程属于,哪,哪个部门？涉及,到,到哪些其他部门,？,？,2.,该业务流程在本,部,部门中有哪些处,理,理过程？,3.,其他部门的哪些,处,处理过程与本部,门,门相关？,4.,业务从哪里开始,？,？哪里结束？,5.,该业务流程中涉,及,及到哪些数据？,三、数据流程分,析,析,为了用计算机进,行,行信息管理，还,必,必须进一步舍去,物,物质要素，收集,有,有关资料，绘制,出,出原系统的数据,流,流程图，为下一,步,步分析做好准备,。,。,（,1,）数据流程分析,的,的定义,数据流程分析主,要,要包括对数据的,流,流动、传递、处,理,理、存储等的分,析,析。数据流程分,析,析的目的就是要,明,明确每个数据的,处,处理方法，并发,现,现和解决数据流,通,通过程中的数据,流,流通不畅、前后,数,数据不匹配、数,据,据处理过程不合,理,理等问题，以期,在,在新系统中加以,改,改进。,收集原系统全部,输,输入单据、输出,报,报表和数据存储,介,介质的典型格式,。,。,弄清各环节上的,处,处理方法和计算,方,方法。,在上述各种单据,、,、报表、账本的,典,典型样品上或用,附,附页注明制作单,位,位、报送单位、,存,存放地点、发生,频,频度、发生的高,峰,峰时间及发生量,等,等。,在上述各种单据,、,、报表、账册的,典,典型样品上注明,各,各项数据的类型,、,、长度、取值范,围,围。,（,2,）数据流程分析,的,的内容,数据流程图是一,种,种能全面地描述,信,信息系统逻辑模,型,型的主要工具，,它,它可以用少数几,种,种符号综合地反,映,映出信息在系统,中,中的流动、处理,和,和存储情况。,数据流程图具有,抽,抽象性，表现在,它,它完全舍去了具,体,体的物质（如业,务,务流程图中的车,间,间、人员等），,只,只剩下数据的流,动,动、加工处理和,存,存储；数据流程,图,图具有概括性，,它,它可以把信息中,的,的各种不同业务,处,处理过程联系起,来,来，形成一个整,体,体。,（,3,）数据流程图,数据流程图常用,符,符号,不受系统控制，,位,位于系统边界以,外,外,数据处理的外部,来,来源和去处,为避免交叉，可,出,出现若干次。,名称,标识,功能描述,完成者,标识：数字（编,号,号、层次）,功能描述：祈使,句,句（动,+,名）,逻辑描述,数据存储的地方,，表示流动的方,向,向,名称（名词）,唯一与其他图例,都,都有联系,名称,为了使图形清晰，避免流线交叉，同一外部实体可在不同处出现。外部实体要有标记。同一实体在不同处出现，要在右下角打上斜线。,外部实体,数据流可以是双向的。数据流上要有文字说明，也可以加符号。,数据流,处理块的画法可以有标识、功能描述、实行的部门或程序名。,处 理,数据存储也有标识和名称。,指向数据存储的数据流箭头说明是读出还是写入。,有时可用小三角形来表示搜索关键字。,数据存储,首先画出顶层（第一层）数据流程图。顶层数据流程图只有一张，它说明了系统的总的处理功能、输入和输出。,下一步是对顶层数据流程图中的“处理”进行分解。,（,4,）数据流程图的,画,画法,（,1,）数据流程图是,分,分层次的，绘制,时,时采取自顶向下,逐,逐层分解的办法,。,。,（,2,）数据流程图分,多,多少层次应现实,际,际情况而定，对,于,于一个复杂的大,系,系统，有时可分,至,至七八层之多。,为,为了提高规范化,程,程度，有必要对,图,图中各个元素加,以,以编号。,（,3,）通常在编号之,首,首冠以字母，用,以,以表示不同的元,素,素，可以用,P,表示处理，,D,表示数据流，,F,表示数据存储，,S,表示外部实体。,例,例如：,P3.1.2,表示第三子系统,第,第一层图的第二,个,个处理。,按业务流程图理,出,出的业务流程顺,序,序，,将相应调查过程,中,中所掌握的数据,处,处理过程，,绘制成一套完整,的,的数据流程图，,一,一边整理绘,图，一边核对相,应,应的数据和报表,、,、模型等。,如果有问题，则,定,定会在这个绘图,和,和整理过,程中暴露出来。,由于实际数据处,理,理过程常常比较,繁,繁杂，故,应该按照系统的,观,观点，自顶向下,地,地分层展开绘制,。,。,黑,灰,灰,半,半透明,透,透明,（,5,）数据流程图的,实,实例,厂办,统计表,销售统计,用户,合同,合同,登记处理,合同数据,合同台账,销售数据,合同执行登记,合同执行数据,销售分配处理,库存台账,车间,入库单,入库处理,入库数据,出库数据,查,询,查,询,出库处理,发货处理,发货通知,出,库,单,出,库,单,财务科,分层数据流程图,IDEF,0,图,用户,P1,销售处理,订货单,发货单,展 开,展开的原则,标识符要有层次。如：,4.1,、,4.2,只是处理内部使用的数据存储，画在内部， 如外部也要使用，则画在外部或跨在边界上。,流向外部或外部流入的数据流，如在上一层中未出现，应在其与边界相交处画上,“,交叉线要画半园弧线,（,3,）与规划中的企,业,业模型相对应,FA,高层、,P,中层、,A,低层,外部项的确定也就是规定了系统与外部环境的分界线,绘制数据流程图,应,应遵循的原则,（,1,）首先确定系统,的,的外部项,（,2,）高层流程图与,中,中、低层流程图,的,的分工,高层,DFD,中只画出系统正常运行时的主要输入和输出。,对于错误或例外条件所产生的数据流不在高层,DFD,中反映。,（,4,）按从左到右、,从,从上到下的原则,进,进行,（,5,）反复修改，仔,细,细检查，保证其,正,正确性。,案例,1,某企业财务管理,的,的数据流程分析,采用“自顶向下”的原则进行,是否有遗漏的数据处理功能,有关数据载体部分是否与业务流程图一致,业务流程图数,据,据流程图的检查,（,1,）,检查DFD和TFD的一致性,（,2,）检查,DFD,的一致性和完整,性,性,检查数据流，确认数据流是否有遗漏或多余,检查数据存储，是否没有被业务过程使用或没有生成它的业务过程（根据,C/U,矩阵的判别标准来进行）,检查处理功能，所有的处理功能都应有输入数据流或从数据存储中检索数据，也要有输出的数据流或向数据存储中发送数据。,课堂讨论背景资,料,料：,汽车配件公司分,层,层数据流程图绘,制,制,第一层数据流程,图,图（环境图）,顾客,供应商,1,处理,业务,订货单,发货单,订货单,发货单,配件库存,第二层数据流程,图,图,顾客,供应商,销售,订货单,发货单,配件库存,1,1,采购,1,2,订货单,发货单,到货通知,会计,1,3,收,据,应,付,款,通,知,向供应商的订,货,货单,第,三,层,数,据,流,程,图,顾客,采购,编 辑,订货单,订货单,配件库存,1.1.1,确 定,顾 客,订 货,1.1.3,产 生,暂 存,订货单,1.1.5,对 照,暂 存,订货单,1.1.6,业务,员,开发货,单并修,改库存,1.1.4,不合格,顾客,D,2,D,3,可发,订货,不满足,的订货,登 录,新顾客,数 据,1.1.2,暂存订货单,D,4,到,货,通,知,新顾客,编制销,售和库,存报表,1.1.8,销售历史,D,5,应收款明细账,D,10,配件库存,D,3,合格的订货单,检 索,库 存,1.1.7,经理,询 问,库 存,库 存,状 态,四、新系统逻,辑,辑模型的建立,如何理解,逻辑方案,逻辑方案是新,系,系统开发中要,采,采用的管理模,型,型和信息处理,方,方法。,系统分析阶段的详细调查、系统化分析都是为建立新系统的逻辑方案作准备。,逻辑方案是系统分析阶段的最终成果，也是今后进行系统设计和实施的依据。,（,1,）系统目标修,正,正,根据详细调查,对,对可行性分析,报,报告中提出的,系,系统目标作再,次,次考察，对项,目,目的可行性和,必,必要性进行重,新,新考虑，并根,据,据对系统建设,的,的环境和条件,的,的调查修正系,统,统目标，使系,统,统目标适应组,织,织的管理需求,和,和战略目标。,新系统的业务流程,新系统的数据流程,新系统的逻辑结构,新系统中数据资源的分布,新系统中的管理模型,（,2,）新系统信息,处,处理方案,原系统的业务,流,流程的不足及,其,其优化过程、,新,新系统的业务,流,流程、新系统,业,业务流程中的,人,人机界面划分,。,。,原数据流程的,不,不合理之处及,优,优化过程、新,系,系统的数据流,程,程、新的数据,流,流程中的人机,界,界面划分。,新系统中的子,系,系统划分,数据资源如何,分,分布在数据库,或,或主机。,确定在某一具,体,体的管理业务,中,中采用的管理,模,模型和处理方,法,法。,数据处理的方,式,式可分为两类,：,：,按一定时间间隔（小时、日、月）把数据积累成批后一次输入计算机进行处理。,特点是费用较低而又可有效地使用计算机。,成批处理方式,固定周期的数据处理,需要大量的来自不同方面的数据的综合处理,需要累计一段时间后才能进行的数据处理,没有通信设备而无法采取联机实时处理的情况,如何理解,数据处理方式,面向处理，数据直接从数据源输入中央处理机进行处理，由计算机即时作出回答，将处理结果直接传给用户。,特点是及时，但费用较高。,联机实时处理方式,需要反应迅速的数据处理,负荷易产生波动的数据处理,数据收集费用较高的数据处理,网络,如何理解,管理模型,管理模型是系,统,统在每个具体,管,管理环节上所,采,采用的管理方,法,法。,在管理信息系统的系统分析中，就要根据业务和数据流程的分析结果，对每个处理过程进行认真分析，研究每个管理过程的信息处理特点，找出相适应的管理模型。,（,3,）系统分析报,告,告,系统分析阶段,产,产生的成果就,是,是系统分析报,告,告。反映了这,一,一阶段调查与,分,分析的全部情,况,况，是下一步,设,设计与实现系,统,统的纲领性文,件,件。,第二节,系,系统设计,一、系统设计,的,