环境工程专业英语

書式設定, 書式設定,第,2,第,3,第,4,第,5,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,环境工程专业英语,Professional English for Environmental Engineering,Han,Xiaogang,College of Resources and Environment Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Tel: 15059188544,，,QQ:103475685,English Proverb,Imperfection is beauty, madness,(,疯狂,),is genius,(,天才，天赋,),，,and its better to be absolutely ridiculous,(,荒唐的,),than absolutely boring.,不完美也是一种美丽，疯狂也是一种天赋，不靠谱总好过超无聊。,2,Review of the Last Lesson,3,Appreciation of movies,The 11th Hour,Chinese name,（,中文名称,）,第十一个小时,Director,Castleberry,，,Leonardo,DiCaprio,Information about the move,（,相关信息,）,莱昂纳多,.,迪卡普里奥,本片是以一种访谈的形式，向观众说明了我们所面临环境问题。访谈对象包括前苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫、著名科学家史蒂芬,霍金、前中情局局长詹姆斯,伍尔西、超过,50,位的顶尖科学家、思想家和领导者 。,4,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,5,1. Background to Environment Science,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.,Science,Social Science,Nature Science,The social science deals with the study of people and how they live together as families, tribes,(,群落，部落,), communities,(,社区,), races,(,种族,), and nations.,The nature,sience,deals with the study of nature and the physical world. It includes such diverse disciplines as biology, chemistry, geology, physics, and environmental science.,6,2. What is the book about?,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,The objective,Description of environmental,The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the,interdisciplinary,（跨学科，各学科）,study of environmental problems: their causes, why they are of concern, and how we can control them.,The primary coverage,Information on the basis causes of environmental disturbances,(,困扰,),Basis scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them,7,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,The primary coverage,Current state of the technology environmental control in its application to water, air and pollution problems,Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature,Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology, but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so, or in many instances because of a lack of resources to do so.,8,3. Some Definitions,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Environmental,Environmental,is the physical and biotic habitat,(,栖息地,),which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste.,When the goal of improving,environmental quality is taken to be improving human wellbeing,(,健康，幸福,), the word environment broadens to include all kinds of social, economic, and cultural aspects.,System,is a set,or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system, water supply system, the world or universe.,System,9,3. Some Definitions,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Engineering,Engineering,is a profession,(,职业、专业,),that applies science and mathematics to make the properties,(,特性,),of matter and sources of energy useful in structures, machines, products, systems, and processes.,Pollution,can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.,Pollution,10,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Environmental engineering is manifest,(,显示，表明,),by sound Engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of Environmental sanitation,(,卫生系统或设备,), notably,(,尤其,),in the provision of safe, palatable,(,可口的,),and ample,(,足够,),public water supply; the proper disposal of or recycle of,wasterwater,and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural,(,田园，乡村,),areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions.,Environmental engineering,Furthermore it is concerned with engineering problems on the field of public health.,11,3. Interaction of systems,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Many of environmental problems will apply only within one of water, air, or land systems , justifying,(,证明，为,作出解释,),the breakdown,(,分解,),into these categories. Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension,(,理解,),of related problems within one system.,Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields,(,子域,),as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.,12,3. Interaction of systems,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined,(,局限于,),to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.,A current example is the acid rain problem,stemming from,(,根源,),the emission,(,排放,),of,sulfur dioxide,(,二氧化硫,),and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks,(,烟囱,),of generating stations,(,发电厂,), smelters,(,熔炉,), and,automobile exhausts,(,汽车尾气,),。,These gases are then transported by air currents,(,气流,),over wide regions. Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life,(,水生生物,), forests, and agricultural crops.,13,4. Environmental Problems,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology.,With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost,arable land,(,耕地,), disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and,new organisms resistant to controls,(,微生物滋长,),.,Environmental problems are always interrelated. Sometimes a solution to one problem actually creates another problem.,14,4. Environmental Problems,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,For example, when people are sick and dying from disease, it is natural to want to improve human health.,When health is improved and infant mortality,(,婴儿死亡率,),is reduced, a population explosion may result.,To feed this growing pollution,natural habitats,(,自然栖息地,),are often destroyed by turning them into farmland.,As natural habitats are destroyed, the wild plants, predatory animals,(,食肉动物,), and parasites,(,寄生生物,),that once lived there are killed as well.,15,4. Environmental Problems,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Because of the lack of predators and parasites, outbreaks of,insect pests,(,害虫,),become more common.,Farmers use,pesticides,(,农药,),to control the pests and protect the crops, but in the process the environment becomes polluted.,The development of this entire,(,整个的,),cycle in itself consumes fossil fuel,(,化石燃料,),supplies that are becoming scarce.,In addition, when fuels are burned, air pollutants are generated.,16,4. Environmental Problems,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,How does a person begin to study such a network of interlocking,(,相关联的,),problems? To make the task,(,工作、任务,),a bit more manageable, we should recognize what environmental problems people are up against.,What environmental problems are people up against,？,Overpopulation,Pollution,Depletion of Resources,Changes in the Global Condition,The War,17,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Overpopulation,Overpopulation may be defined as the presence in a given area of more people than can be supported adequately by the resources available in that area.,Many people argue that the population explosion that has taken place in the twentieth century is now the most important problem we face.,It is important first because overpopulation is a major cause of all environmental problems: Fewer people would use less oil, chop down fewer trees, and pour less sewage into rivers.,18,Part,Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Overpopulation,Second, overpopulation and the,starvation,（饥饿）,that accompanies it are generally higher on our list of priorities than other environmental concerns.,It is hard to argue that an area should be set aside as parkland to,preserve,（保护）,a,vanishing,（消失）,forest or,savanna,（平原，热带大草原）,when that might be used to raise crops that would prevent fellow human beings from starving to death.,19,专业英语翻译理论,专业英语翻译理论,20,专业英语翻译理论,范文：,Aerobic Treatment,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,Aerobic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive. This is the primary difference between aerobic systems and septic systems, you see. Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria.,21,专业英语翻译理论,During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. Of all biological waste treatment method, aerobic digestion is the most widespead process used throughout the world (more than 95%).,Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria; hence the demand for oxygen will be high.,The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in mg/L.,22,专业英语翻译理论,The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in mg/L.,The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable.,Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,23,专业英语翻译理论,1.,专业英语翻译概论,1.1,专业英语的特点,1.1.1,专业英语的词汇特点,专业词汇出现的频率低。,词义专一。,广泛是使用缩写词。如：,COD chemical oxygen demand,化学需氧量,BOD biochemical oxygen demand,生化需氧量,TOC total organic carbon,总有机碳,DO dissolved oxygen,溶解氧,24,专业英语翻译理论,POPs,persistent organic pollutants,持久性有机污染物,TSP total suspended particle,总悬浮颗粒,TKN total,Kjeldahl,nitrogen,总凯氏氮,UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket,上流式厌氧污泥床,MBR membrane bioreactor,膜生物反应器,SBR sequencing batch reactor,间歇式活性污泥法,1.1.2,专业英语的句法特点,广泛使用陈述句。,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,25,专业英语翻译理论,广泛使用被动语态。,During this oxidation process, pollutants are,broken down,into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates,sulphates,and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly,accelerated,.,被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。,26,专业英语翻译理论,简略表达多。,The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable.,长句使用多。,Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。,27,专业英语翻译理论,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.,句子倒置。,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice,多重修饰。,ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.,28,专业英语翻译理论,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.,庖丁解牛,。,ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.,就近修饰原则。,Layer 1: Ice encased in 10,000 icebergs,Layer 2: icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,icebergsmore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.,粗译：,世界大洋里漂浮着,7659,万亿吨的冰。这些冰包含在,10000,多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；多于,90%,的这些冰山来源于南极。,29,专业英语翻译理论,1.1.3,专业英语的修辞特点,时态运用有限。,过去研究,过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在时。,Biofiltration,technique for disposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investigated.,修辞手法较为单调。,30,专业英语翻译理论,逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：,表示原因的词：,because, because of, due to, owing to, as,as a result, caused by, for,表示语气转折的词：,but, however, nevertheless, yet,otherwise,表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：,so, thus, therefore, furthermore,moreover, in addition to,表示限制的词：,only, if only, except, besides, unless,表示假设的词：,suppose, supposing, assuming, provided,providing,Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products.,As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,31,专业英语翻译理论,1.2,翻译的基本知识,1.2.1,翻译标准,严复,天演论,：信、达、雅,忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。,通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。,32,专业英语翻译理论,1.2.2,翻译的过程,理解,-,表达,翻译的理解过程,通读全文，领会大意。,明辨语法，弄清关系。,结合上下文，推敲词义。,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,33,专业英语翻译理论,翻译的表达过程,a.,一稿初译，忠实为主。,b.,二稿核对，注意逻辑。,c.,三稿定局，润色词句。, 翻译的方法,直译,意译,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,34,专业英语翻译理论,2.,词义的选择和引申,2.1,词义的选择,2.1.1,根据词类选择词义,E.g.: like,：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同,He would like to join our discussion.,Things like air, water or metal are matter.,Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.,I hope that I can drive the tractor like you do.,35,专业英语翻译理论,2.1.2,根据词的搭配关系选择词义,E.g.: operate:,操作、运转、完成、实施,Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity.,Rockets operate in the vacuum of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere.,Transistors(,晶体管,) operate as control devices and amplifier.,The electric computers can operate only according to instructions, which must be prepared by man in advance.,36,专业英语翻译理论,represent:,代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述,Inorganic flocculants,represent,nearly 20% of the total flocculants.,The material referred to as “acid rain”,represents,the raindrops dissolved CO,2,which have a pH of 5.6.,37,专业英语翻译理论,2.1.3,根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义,E.g.:,The ability to do,work,is called energy.,（功）,This iron and steel,works,was set up last year.,（工厂）,The,time,for the water supply is cut by half.,A is three,times,as large as B.,2.1.4,语言习惯的转换,E.g.:,Magnetism is used to measure the,coldest,temperature. (,很低的）,Light,-colored things reflect more light than,dark-,colored things.,（深、浅）,38,专业英语翻译理论,2.2,词义的引申,2.2.1,单词的引申,E.g.:,Today is the,link,between yesterday and tomorrow.,（桥梁）,This kind of wood,works,easily.,（加工）,Within these,broad,categories, process differ according to the type of the drier(,干燥机,).,The thicker the wire the more,freely,it will carry current.,（容易）,39,专业英语翻译理论,2.2.2,词组的引申,E.g.:,Alloys belong to,a half-way house,between mixture and compounds.,（中间结构）,At present coal is the most common,food,of a steam plant.,（能源）,High concentrations of,critical,elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, may affect the human health.,（微量）,40,专业英语翻译理论,3.,词类转换,3.1,非动词译成动词,E.g.:,The control unit of a computer causes the machine,to operate according to,mans wish.,计算机的控制单元使机器人,按照,人的意志,运作,。,41,专业英语翻译理论,3.1.1,名词转译为动词,1.,单独的名词用作动词,（,1,）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词,E.g.:,In the,absence,of friction, vehicles could not even start.,Control,of dissolved oxygen, solids retention time and hydrolytic retention time is necessary for efficient treatment of wastewater.,c. The main object of sedimentation is the,separation,of,clear water from mixture.,42,专业英语翻译理论,(2),一些加,er,或,or,的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为动词。,E.g.:,Talking with his son, the old man was the,forgiver,of the young mans past wrong doings.,Professor Wang was the,instructor,of our experiment.,2.,适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。,E.g.:,A body is negatively charged when it has electrons,in excess of,its normal number.,43,专业英语翻译理论,3.1.2.,形容词译为动词,1.,英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如,familiar,、,confident,、,sensible of,等在句中作表语时，译成动词,。,E.g.:,Scientists are,confident,that all matter is indestructible.,They are quite,content,with the data obtained from the experiment.,We are not,sure,about the effect of this parameter on the quality of the effluent.,44,专业英语翻译理论,2.,有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作表语或定语时，译成动词。,E.g.:,The final product moisture is,dependent,on feed size and residence time at temperature.,For,larger,size feed, dried product moisture levels are higher.,45,专业英语翻译理论,3.,起形容词作用的现在分词、过去分词和一些作定语或补语的形容词，译为动词。,E.g.:,The design calculation will serve as an,illustrative,application of the theory semiconductor devices.,3.1.3.,介词译成动词,E.g.:,Numerous treatment technology of wastewater exist, each,with,their respective merits.,46,专业英语翻译理论,3.1.4,副词译成动词,E.g.:,The oil in the tank is,up,.,The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes,behind,.,47,专业英语翻译理论,3.2,非名词译为名词,3.2.1,动词译成名词,1.,名词派生的动词译成名词。,E.g.:,Computer is chiefly,characterized,by its accurate and rapid computations.,As the war progressed, he would,symbolize,their frustrations, the embodiment of evils.,48,专业英语翻译理论,2.,名词转用的动词译成名词。,E.g.:,Coating thickness,range,from one-tenth mm to 2 mm.,This article,aims,at discussing new development in component material and technologies.,49,专业英语翻译理论,3.,一些用以表示主语所处的特征或状态的动词，汉译时不好处理，也可将它们译成汉语的名词。,E.g.:,A well dressed man, who,looked and talked,like an American, got into car.,b. Gases,differ,from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the later.,50,专业英语翻译理论,3.2.2,形容词译成名词,E.g.:,Computer are more,flexible, and can do a greater variety of jobs.,This steam engine is only about 20%,efficient,.,Mercury is appreciably,volatile,even at room temperature.,51,专业英语翻译理论,3.2.3,副词译成名词,E.g.:,The equipment employed in the industrial test is shown,schematically,in Fig.5.,Oxygen is one of the important elements in the world, it is very active,chemically,.,52,专业英语翻译理论,3.3,非形容词译成形容词,3.3.1,名词译成形容词,1.,用“,be+of,+,名词” 表达事物性质的名词，常译成形容词。,E.g.:,Robots are now in use in industrial plants throughout the world, they are proved to,be of great ability,.,2.,有些名词加不定冠词,a,或,an,作表语时，译成形容词。,E.g.:,Their experiment is,a success,.,As he is a perfect,stranger,in the city, I hope youll give him the necessary help.,53,专业英语翻译理论,3.,由形容词派生的名词往往可译成形容词。,E.g.:,He found there were many,difficulties,to design this complicated sewage plant without a computer.,The,complication,of mathematical problems made him into difficulties.,54,