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,新采购管理实务,PRICES,Its unwise to pay too much. But its worse to pay too little.,When you pay too much, you lose a little money, that is all.,When you pay too little, you sometimes lose everything, because the thing,you bought was incapable of doing thing it was bought to do.,The common law of business balance prohibits paying a little and getting a,lot. It cant be done.,If you deal with the lowest bidder, it is well to add something for the risk,you run.,And if you do that, you will have enough to pay for something better.,There is hardly anything in the world that someone cant make a little,worse and sell a little cheaper - and people who consider price alone,are this mans lawful prey.,英國思想家 John Ruskin (1819-1900),利潤 Profit,供應商的報價中必須要有足夠的利潤,方能促使其樂於配合供應,供應商對風險(Risk)承擔,及生產效率(Productivity)的基本報酬,利潤通常以總成本固定百分比的計算方式並不恰當,生產效率好的供應商應享有較高的利潤率,採購談判能力,買方的優勢,採購數量大,標準化無差異化產品,低的轉換成品,低的利潤,可能向上整合,充分掌握商機,採購談判力量,賣方的優勢,獨家或寡頭壟斷,對客戶而言是重要的原料零組件,高的轉換成本,可能向下整合,複雜差異性高的產品,替代性差,優質的談判,優於替代方案(BATNA),滿足利益需求,沒有浪費;優質選擇,符合法、理、情,睿智的承諾,過程效率高;良好的溝通互動,過程促進關係的改善,六、貨商搜尋與評選,供應商由誰負責評選?,Buyer alone (採購人員),Cross-Function Teams (跨功能小組),Sourcing team,Supplier performance evaluation team,Supplier certification team,New product development team,Commodity Teams (,商品小組),供應商評選的項目,執行合約能力 Ability to perform,財務狀況 Financial status,成本系統 Cost system,品質系統 Quality assurance, quality control, and related systems,組織與管理 Organization and management,勞工狀況 Labor status,執行合約能力,Ability to perform,對買方訂單金額及採購數量是否有興趣 Frequency and/or volume of orders,供應商處理訂單的時間 Length of time to process orders,交貨能力(產能是否足夠或不足) Delivery,符合品質要求的能力 Quality,採購項目是否為其核心能力 Product/service expertise,訂單積壓狀況 Order backlog,自製與外包的狀況 Contractors make or buy program,循環/前置時間 Cycle/lead time,生產力 Productivity,彈性,配合度如何(對暴增訂單的回應能力) Flexibility,業界口碑 References,電子化能力 Electronic capabilities,產品線廣度 Breadth of product line,可利用的產能 Available capacity,財務狀況,Financial Status,資產負債,表,表Balancesheets,企業體質,損益表,Income statements,經營能力,各種財務,比,比率Financial Ratio,成本控制,紀,紀錄Costcontrolhistory,信用評等Credit ratings,公司年度報告Certified annualreports,鄧白氏報,告,告Dun& Bradstreetreports,觀察供應,商,商是否有,倒,倒閉危機,的,的Z積分 (Z Score),財務比率Financial Ratio,平均應收帳帳款週轉率率,銷貨淨額額應收帳帳款平均數數,平均應收帳帳款收現天天數,365天天應收帳帳款週轉率率,存貨週轉率率,銷貨成本本平均存存貨,平均銷貨日日數,360/存貨週轉轉率+360/應收收帳款週轉轉率,固定資產週週轉率,銷貨淨額額固定資資產淨額,總資產週轉轉率,銷貨淨額額資產總總額,Z 積分分 (Z Score),Z =(1.2 X1)+(1.4 X2)+(3.3 X3)+(0.6 X4)+(0.999 X5),X1=WorkingCapital/ TotalAssets,淨流動資產產總資產產,X2=Retained Earnings /Total Assets,保留盈餘總資產,X3=EarningBeforeInterest& Tax(EBIT)/ TotalAssets,利息支付前前及稅前盈盈餘總資資產,X4=MarketValue of Equity/ BookValue ofDebt,資本總額總負債,X5=Sales $/ TotalAssets,銷售金額總資產,如果供應商商的Z積積分為3.0或或更高,則則可以判定定此供應商商體質健全全,其財務務狀況為相相對穩定。如果供應應商的Z積分為為2.99 或更低低,則顯示示出公司可可能有倒閉閉的危機,。,成本系統,CostSystem,是否有能,力,力依照產,生,生成本的,特,特定作業,活,活動為基,準,準,來分,攤,攤間接成,本,本Capability of segregating costsby task,對成本項,目,目的處理,是,是否一致Consistent treatmentofcost,是否符合,成,成本會計,原,原則Compliance withcostaccountingstandards,是否有任,何,何成本降,低,低的計劃Whatsteps has the suppliertaken, if any, to reducecosts,品質系統,QC,QA,& Related Systems,接受與退,貨,貨的紀錄Acceptance/rejectionhistory,測試的能,力,力Testingcapability,-作業員Workers/機器設備Machines,製程控制Processcontrol,-統計製程,管,管制SPC/統計品質,管,管制SQC,-六個標準,差,差SixSigma/製程能力CpKProcessBands,品管(保)組織Organizationandmanagementof quality systems,品管(保)文件與程,序,序Documented systems/procedures,品質系統認,證,證/驗證System certification/validation,製程認證Process certification (ISO),全面品質管理理 TQM,品質是每一,個,個人的責任(Everybodys responsibility),組織內的每,一,一個人都要,實,實行並積極,的,的參與所有,品,品質相關的,活,活動 (CommitmentandActive participation),達到品質的,持,持續改善(ContinuousImprovement),滿足客戶的,需,需求 (Customer Satisfaction),INSPECT,Process,B,Process,A,INPUT,Rework,Scrap,OUTPUT,Process,B,Process,A,INPUT,SPC,OUTPUT,SPC,品保系統Quality Assurance,Defect Detection System (,不良品偵測的的系統),會有一些重複複性的檢驗(inspection)產生。,檢驗樣品的數數量一般都很很大。,不良品只能在在檢驗後被發發現。,Defect Prevention System(不良品預防防的系統),利用統計製程程管制SPC,製程可透過反反饋方式進行行自我校正,製程能力指數數 Cp,Cpk,Cp -衡衡量製程能力力的品質,就就是將規格上上下界限的差差異(規格上上限USL- 規格下下限LSL)與製程變異異(6)作作比較,這個個指標只有考考慮到製程變變異的範圍是是否有落在規規格公差之內內。一般要求求為1.0以以上,計算方方式為Cp= (USL-LSL)/6。,Cpk -製製程能力的的品質量測指指數,除了考考量了製程變變異之外還考考慮到製程中中心是否有偏偏移。一般要要求為1.33以上,計計算方式為Cpk就是取取Cpu與Cpl的最小小值,亦即Cpk =min(Cpu,Cpl),其中中Cpu為將將規格上限(USL)減減掉製程平均均(mean)之後除以以3;Cpl為將製程程平均(mean)減掉掉規格下限(LSL)之之後除以3。,製程能力分析析,Process Capability Analysis,Cp = Cpk,Variation - Good,Centering - Good,Cp, Cpk 1.33,Cp Cpk,Variation - Good,Centering - Poor,Cp 1.33,Cpk = 0,Cp = Cpk,Variation - Poor,Centering - Good,Cp, Cpk Cpk,Variation - Poor,Centering - Poor,Cp, Cpk 1,LSL,USL,LSL,USL,SIX SIGMA六六標準差,SIX SIGMA- A program that permitsonlythree(3)defects per millionpartsandreflects an outstanding commitmentto quality.,六標準差- 在每百,萬,萬件中只允,許,許三個不良,品,品,是對品,質,質最高的承,諾,諾。,#207:Develop measurementsforquality improvementand targetsetting (e.g.,best inclass benchmarks).;C.P.M. Module:2,#111:Conduct supplier visits/evaluations todeterminesuitability.; C.P.M.Module: 1,z,Defect perMillion,2308,537,366,807,46,210,5233,63.4,3,6,6, Measurement,20,000,Times,Improvement,SIX SIGMAPERFORMANCE,20,000lostarticles of mail perhour,Unsafe drinkingwater foralmost 15minutes each day,5,000incorrectsurgicaloperationsperweek,Two shortor long landings atmostmajorairportseachday,200,000 wrong drug prescriptions each year,Sevenarticleslostper hour,One unsafeminute every sevenmonths,1.7 incorrect operationsper week,One shortor long landingevery five years,68 wrong prescriptions per year,99% Good (3.8,Sigma,),99.99966%Good(6 Sigma),SIX SIGMACONCEPT,No Defects!,Target,3,2,1,Customers,Specification,6,3,1,Target,Customers,Specification,6.6%Defects!,After,6,!,Before,3,Reducing,Variability,組織與管管理,Organizationand management,高級主,管,管的承,諾,諾與參,予,予Topmanagementcommitment andinvolvement,公司組,織,織的穩,定,定性Stability,員工的,訓,訓練Trainingandcertificationofpersonnel,員工年,資,資與技,術,術能力Technicalcompetence/service support,機器設,備,備的新,舊,舊及保,養,養情況Equipmentcapabilities,此供應,商,商在同,業,業之間,的,的評價,與,與口碑General reputation/ethics,業界的,地,地位Industrystatus,對客戶,滿,滿意度,的,的認知Customercommitment,對其衛,星,星工廠,的,的管理Subcontractor management,勞工狀況況,Laborstatus,員工的,平,平均年,齡,齡及技,術,術層次,Employeeskills,工會組織,情,情況,Unionization,工會合約,到,到期日,Laborcontractexpiration date,員工的,流,流動率,Employeeturnover,對,員工的,訓,訓練計,劃,劃,Trainingprogramsandinitiatives,工業相,關,關政策,的,的遵守,Industrial relationspolicy,供應商的的拜訪,傳統的供供應商拜拜訪,供應商,主,主動邀,請,請,新上任,的,的採購,人,人員,例行性,的,的年度,拜,拜訪,需要對,供,供應商,進,進行認,可,可,針對特,定,定問題,需,需要解,決,決,了解供,應,應商的,各,各方面,能,能力,審查供,應,應商所,建,建議的,替,替代性,材,材料或,服,服務,高附加價價值的的的供應商商拜訪,與高層,會,會面洽,談,談彼此,共,共同的,目,目標與,合,合作計,畫,畫,對供應,商,商組織,內,內的不,同,同部門,有,有更進,一,一步的,了,了解,參與增,進,進供應,商,商/客,戶,戶關係,的,的活動,一起參,與,與流程,的,的再造,工,工程,討論新,產,產品或,服,服務的,機,機會,分享新,技,技術並,討,討論運,用,用在目,前,前產品,的,的可能,性,性,參觀工廠廠及生產產線,廠區的,整,整潔Housekeeping,生產線,的,的物流,動,動線規,劃,劃Process/material flow,對不良,品,品的標,示,示Nonconforming material,生產工,藝,藝及效,率,率,機器的,狀,狀況及,稼,稼(開)動率,作業員,及,及幹部,對,對製程,及,及品質,政,政策的,了,了解,是否有,標,標準作,業,業程序(SOP),對工業,安,安全的,重,重視Industrial Safety,其他生,意,意往來,的,的客戶Majorcustomers,使用的,主,主要原,料,料來源,選擇供供應商商的準準則,基本本之之要要件件:,Quality,Cost,Delivery,Service,Responsiveness,Commitment,長期期之之要要件件:,長期穩穩定的的供應應,產能之之相對對擴展展,健全之之企業業體質質,正確且且相近近之經經營理理念,產品未未來方方向符符合需需要,長期合合作意意願,供應商商的策策略選選擇-產產品品與製製程的的搭配配,I,II,III,IV,連續生產,組裝線生產,批量生產,小批量生產,製 程 結 構,- 彈 性,數量少,標準化程度低,數量少,產品多樣化,數量多,少許主要產品,數量多,標準化程度高,產 品 結 構,- 可 靠 度 與 成 本,Your Suppliers are,Ineffective,if you and your supplier,are not,Strategically,Aligned.,策略性性的供供應商商選擇擇,關 鍵 性 材 料,降低風險策略,取代 / 更新,減少供應風險,策 略 性 材 料, 供應商,聯盟策略,長期關係,策略聯盟,一 般 性 材 料,聯合操作策略,改善運籌成本,改善管理成本,槓 桿 性 材 料,價格槓桿策略,善用競爭比價,與供應商簽長期合約,高,低,採購的金額,採購的風險,高,貨商蒐蒐尋與與訪查查,理念,經營,理,理念,、,、永,續,續經,營,營、,中,中長,期,期計,劃,劃,經營,經營,手,手法,、,、經,營,營實,績,績、,經,經營,管,管理,、,、往,來,來廠,商,商、,財,財,務,務體,質,質、,企,企劃,品,品質,意願,合作,意,意願,、,、服,務,務態,度,度,規模,產能,、,、設,備,備,成本,成本,結,結構,、,、競,爭,爭優,勢,勢,技術,設計,、,、開,發,發、,採,採購,、,、製,造,造,交期,交期,管,管理,、,、管,理,理體,制,制,品質,品質,經,經營,管,管理,、,、品,質,質保,證,證,選擇供供應商商之準準則,基本之之要件件,Quality,Delivery,Cost,ServicePackage,Responsiveness,Commitment,長期之之要件件,長期,穩,穩定,供,供應,產能,之,之相,對,對擴,展,展,健全,之,之企,業,業體,質,質,正確,且,且相,近,近之,經,經營,理,理念,產品,未,未來,方,方向,符,符合,需,需要,長期,合,合作,意,意願,貨商評評選,執行合合約能能力Abilitytoperform,財務狀狀況Financialstatus,成本系系統Costsystem,品質系系統Qualityassurance,qualitycontrol,andrelatedsystems,組織與與管理理Organizationandmanagement,勞工狀狀況Laborstatus,策略性性伙伴伴,(StrategicPartner),條件,Partner,產能,在,在業,界,界佔,相,相當,比,比重(或市,場,場佔,有,有率,),),居業,界,界技,術,術領,先,先地,位,位(,技,技術,創,創新,),),列入,策,策略,客,客戶HouseAccount,能提,供,供材,料,料成,本,本之,競,競爭,優,優勢,(,(VA能力,),),高階,主,主管,重,重視,程,程度,高,高,,且,且提,供,供PolicySupport,產品,之,之規,格,格及,品,品質,有,有競,爭,爭條,件,件,未來,能,能提,供,供GlobalSupport,經營,管,管理,與,與本,公,公司,相,相輔,相,相成,,,,或,可,可提,供,供未,來,來合,作,作機,會,會,產品,線,線的,廣,廣度,與,與深,度,度足,夠,夠,七、有有效的的品質質管理理及績績效評評估,供應廠廠商評評等的的用途途,衡量,供,供應,商,商的,能,能力Suppliercapabilities,衡量,供,供應,商,商的,國,國際,化,化與,當,當地,交,交貨,能,能力Internationalandlocalcapabilities,定價,方,方法Pricingmethods,衡量,供,供應,商,商財,務,務健,全,全與,否,否Financialstrength,倉儲,的,的位,置,置Inventorylocationsandmethods,交貨,績,績效Deliveryperformance,品質,紀,紀錄Qualityhistory,服務,紀,紀錄Servicehistory,利潤,率,率與,存,存貨,週,週轉,率,率Marginperformanceandinventoryturnover,創新的,紀,紀錄與,績,績效Innovation historyand performance,供應商管管理的要要件,uality,ost,elivery,ervice,Defect,Prevention,Open Book Management,Cycle Time & Lead Time,Responsiveness,供應商績績效評估估,KeyPerformanceIndicator,成本,準時交,貨,貨率,電子轉,帳,帳的能,力,力,透過電,子,子商務(e-commerce)採購的,能,能力,對於新,技,技術的,投,投資,對於顧,客,客電話,回,回應的,時,時效,折扣率,產品不,良,良率,文件與,發,發票的,錯,錯誤率,供應廠商商評等法法,PerformanceRatingMethods,項目列舉舉法,Categoricalmethod,加權指數數法,Weighted-Factormethod,成本比率率法,Cost-Ratio methods,項目列舉舉法範例例,項目列列舉法是一個個屬於定性(qualitative)的供供應商評評等方法法,通常常的作法法是由採採購、收收料、品品管、工工程、會會計等相相關部門門,針對對其所關關切的項項目,如如下表所所示,綜綜合每一一個供應應商過去去以及現現在的表表現,評評估其為為滿意意、尚可、或是是不滿滿意。,雖然這個個方法非非常簡單單容易使使用,卻卻也可能能流於主主觀判斷斷,而無無法真實實反映供供應商的的整體績績效。另另外,也也無法針針對某項項較差的的部份,作出改改善的要要求。,項目列舉舉法範例例,加權指數數法,Weighted-Factormethod,加權指指數法(Weighted-Point method)是是一個屬屬於定定量的的供應商商評等方方法,每每一個評評等的項項目(一一般為品品質、價價格、與與交貨情情況)根根據其重重要性給給予加加權(Weight),來來計算整整體的分分數,加加權指數數的總合合必須是是一百。,加權指數數法範例例,舉例說,採購對對於一項項產品的的價格格給予予50%的的加權指指數,品質的加權權指數為為30%,而交交貨的的加權指指數則為為20%。三個供供應商的的報價分分別為甲供應應商$59元元,乙乙供應商商$63元,丙供供應商$70元。在在採購交交易的一一年當中中,各供供應商在在各項的的表現如如下表所所示。,Price總總交貨次次數,遲交次數數退貨貨次數,SupplierA$5965136,SupplierB$633520,SupplierC$704572,加權指數數法範例例.,WeightedFactorAnalysis-Price,Weighted,BidDirect PriceAverageRating,PriceComparison*Factor,SupplierA$5959/59=100.0%x 0.50=50.0,SupplierB$6359/63=93.7%x0.50= 46.8,SupplierC$7059/70=84.3%x0.50= 42.1,* Lowestpriceoffered/Actualpricepaid (,以最低報報價為分分子),WeightedFactorAnalysis-Quality,TotalTotalWeighted,ShipmentsShipmentsPercentAverageRating,ReceivedRejectedAcceptedFactor,SupplierA65690.8%x0.30= 27.2,SupplierB350100.0%x0.30=30.0,SupplierC45295.6%x0.30= 28.7,加權指數法法範例.,WeightedFactorAnalysis-Delivery,TotalTotalWeighted,ShipmentsShipmentsPercentAverageRating,ReceivedLateOnTimeFactor,SupplierA651380.0%x0.20=16.0,SupplierB35294.3%x0.20= 18.9,SupplierC45784.4%x0.20= 16.9,Final Step:WeightedFactorAnalysis- TotalRating,PriceQualityDelivery,Rating +Rating+Rating= Overall Rating,SupplierA50.0+27.2 +16.0=93.2【2】,SupplierB46.8+30.0 +18.9=95.7【1】,SupplierC42.1+28.7 +16.9=87.7【3】,成本比率法法,Cost-Ratio methods,成本比率率法(Cost-Ratio methods)是將將所有跟採採購,收料料有關的成成本,與實實際的採購購金額作一一比較,品品質與交貨貨的比率計計算,則是是以採購實實際支付的的成本除以以採購金額額。,成本比率法法範例,舉例說,甲甲供應商的的報價單價價為$5元元,乙供應應商的報價價單價為$4元,過過去一年向向甲供應商商的採購總總金額為$250,000元元,而向乙乙供應商的的採購總金金額為$280,000元。另外,從從其他部門門如收料、檢驗、生生產、成本本會計處得得到相關的的成本資料料,可計算算出如下的的各項成本本比率。,TheDeliveryCost Ratio:,SupplierASupplierB,1.採購的的交貨運送送成本,$10,500$12,000,2.採購總總金額$250,000$280,000,3.交貨成成本比率(line 1/line 2)4.2%4.3%,TheQualityCostRatio:,SupplierASupplierB,1.採購的的品質成本本,$15,100$15,000,2.採購總總金額$250,000$280,000,3.品質成成本比率(line 1/line 2)6.0%5.4%,TheServiceCostRatio:,WeightSupplierASupplier B,1.現場服服務的表現現,304030,2.研發能能力253025,3.供應商商地理位置置253020,4.倉儲容容量201515,比率總計:100%115%90%,對價格的影影響:(-15)(+10),TheOverallCostRatio:,SupplierASupplierB,1.交貨成成本比率,+4.2+4.3,2.品質成成本比率+6.0+5.4,3.服務成成本比率-15.0+10.0,對報價的影影響:-4.8+19.7,ApplyingtheFormula:,(1 總總成本比比率)報報價 調整後後的報價,SupplierA:( 1+ -.048 )x 5.00=$4.76,SupplierB:( 1+ .197 )x 4.00= $4.79,成本比率法法範例(續,),供應商績效效評分方式式,分級評等,加權計分,成本基礎,容易實施,需要最少,的,的資料,多數人可,參,參予,適合資源,有,有限的公,司,司,低成本的,制,制度,有彈性的,制,制度,可以當作,供,供應商評,等,等,實施成本,適,適中,結合計數,與,與計量的,制,制度,提供總成,本,本的作法,鑑別績效,差,差的特定,地,地方,可以做較,客,客觀的評,等,等,長期改善,機,機會最大,最不可靠,評估次數,最,最少,最主觀的,評,評等,通常為人,工,工作業,傾向重視,單,單價,需要電腦,幫,幫忙,成本會計制,度,度的配合,最複雜、實,施,施成本最高,需要電腦資,源,源,小公司,開始發展評,估,估制度,多數公司適,用,用,大公司,有很多供應,商,商的,公司,Categorical,Weighted,Point,Cost-Based,制 度,優點點,缺點點,適用者,評等結果被扭扭曲的可能原原因,Factors that can distortratings,資料不正確Inaccurate data,加權指數不恰恰當 Improper weighting offactors,主觀因素Subjectivity,供應廠商評等等結果發佈,Issues inthe dissemination ofratings,機密性 Confidentiality,供應商對評等等結果的反應應處理 Supplier reaction toratings,減少供應商的的班底數量(Reduce Supplier Base),合理的供應商商數量有助於於降低成本,以及有效的的管理供應商商,建立互信的交交易基礎(Mutual Trust),公平,公正,合理,尊敬,廉潔,言行一致,營造無障礙的的溝通環境(Efficient Communication),誠懇的雙向溝溝通 (sharing information),了解彼此文化化差異,從基層員工到到高階主管,從願景到技術術/產品的發發展,主動積極的做做法,一起解解決問題,No Surprise!,Win-Win,建立雙贏的供供應商夥伴關關係(二),Win-Win,建立雙贏的供供應商夥伴關關係(二),供應商先期參參與 (EarlySupplier Involvement, ESI),在規格開發過過程的初期,邀請具有夥夥伴關係的供供應商,參與與買方的產品品設計小組(work collaboratively),運用供應商的的專業知識以以及經驗來共共同設計開發發,降低成本,加加速產品上市市時間(Time to Market),準時付貨款(OnTimePayment),採購最基本應應遵循的(以以金錢與供應應商交換貨物物與服務),從供應商的角角度,這是對對合約履行的的承諾,有助於獲得供供應商最佳的的配合,Win-Win,建立雙贏的供供應商夥伴關關係(三),對供應商進行行教育訓練(SupplierEducationandTraining),視供應商為在在外工廠的延延伸,與供應商擁有有共通的語言言,視為一種投資資,聯合進行持續續性的改善(Joint Continuous Improvement),對目標的共識識 (commongoals),衡量績效的最最佳方法,供應商認證程程序的重要環環節,與供應商的關關係,Relationship,隔臂關係,合作關係,販售商,傳統,供應商,鑑定合格,的供應商,伙伴型,的供應商,策略聯盟,較低的加值,(Value Added),關係較較高的加值,(Value Added),關係,Armslength relationships,Collaborative Relationships,八、資訊科技技與電子商務務的影響,電腦化的材料料管理系統,Computer,Using,department,MRP,schedule,Hand-written,requisition,Review by,materialsplanner,Review by,buyer,Buyer,changes,Revised,requisition,Purchase,ordercopies,Purchase Orderand,acknowledgmentform,Computer,Printed purchase,requisition,Requisition,entry,第三者者網路路服務務公司司,電子資資料交交換EDI,買方的的,電腦,買方的的,mailbox,供應廠廠商的的,mailbox,供應廠廠商的的,電腦,供應廠廠商的的,mailbox,買方的的,mailbox,直接傳傳送,DirectTransmission,間接傳傳送,IndirectTransmission,採購文文件的的電子子傳送送,e-Procurement,電子化化採購購,Log-in Intranet,Internal Procurement Website,User ID: XXXXX,Password: XXXXX,Electronic RFA Form,Check budget,Aggregate other similar requisitions,Online Approval,Online catalog,Contracted supplier,Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) account,Goods delivered,PO,PO electronically populated,線上目目錄,電子RFA表格格,線上核核准,查核預預算,相關請請購加加總,線上核核准,電子資資金轉轉移帳帳戶,合約供供應商商,線上核核准,上公司司內部部採購購網站站,e-Procurement,採購100%自自動化化,Non-Production Requests,Approval Workflow,Receive,ASN,AP,MRP/DRP Generated Requirements,Create Requisitions,AutoRelease,Procurement Workflow,Approved Supplier Lists,Standard POs,Supplier Schedules,Payment,Approved,Suppliers,EDI / Fax,Web,Search,Catalog,(Local or TPN Register),Content Loads/Updates,Pay on,Receipt,EmployingElectronicCommercetoMaximizeBenefits:PhasesofElectronicCommerceValue,ExtendMarketReach,ExtendProductorServiceOfferings,CreateNewInformation-BasedProducts,NewDistribution,Channel,Product,orService,BusinessModel,Change,PipelineVelocity(Productivity),ValueEngineeringAnalysis,Quality,CashFlow,ReductionofInventory,ReductionofManufacturingandDeliveryCycleTime,ReductionofLabor,LowerOpenA/RDays,Operational,Efficiency,NumberofTradingPartners,NumberofTransactions,ReductionofPaperOverhead,Accuracy,Paper,Replacement,Value,ofEC,2Years,5Years,COMPLEXITY,NewDistribution,Channel,Product,OrService,ExtendMarketReach,ExtendProductorServiceOfferings,CreateNewInformation-BasedProducts,九、結語語與討論論,新競爭趨趨勢下採採購面臨臨的挑戰戰,1.Routing的的工作消消失,2.維持持SCM及ERP必要要的材料料品質及及LeadTime,3.Singlesourcing趨勢勢Vendorrelationship,4.Total Cycle Time短短縮EarlySupplierInvolvement,5.Changing管理,6.角色色改變從執行行面轉到到管理面面,7.資訊訊科技的的運用,8.全球球化採購購管理,9.快速速回應管管理QuickResponse,10.不不斷且快快速的Cost Down壓壓力,11.不不斷出現現的新技技術與個個性化需需求,1.建構構公司內內、外人人脈,a.對外外建立立個人與與企業之之採購網網路,b.對內內展開開跨機能能活動小小組,2.提昇昇管理技技能成成為企業業顧問師師,a.業務務管理技技巧(Cost、Quality、Delivery),b.協力力廠商管管理技巧巧,c.培養養業務改改善能力力,3.發展展策略採採購能力力,4.提昇昇資訊科科技的應應用能力力,5.成為為公司內內部的對對外天線線,6.提昇昇個人的的貢獻度度,7.Benchmarking,終終身學習習,8.改變變思維模模式,e 時代代的採購購重點方方向,PPaperlessthinkinge-世世代的思思維,RReliable performance追求求有效成成果,OOpen-minded虛虛心、坦坦懷,CChanging management變的管理理,UUsefulness有有效性的的管理,RResponse quickly快快速速反應能能力,Ee-Tool善善用資訊訊科技,MMoney machine創創造造資源利利潤,EEndlessresources資資源的無無限化,NNetworkbuilding建建立立網路人人脈TThreatavoidance排排除除生存風風險,採購/供供應管理理應對之之道,十、附錄錄,中央與地地方分工工模式,Decentralized,Sourcing,Centralized,Sourcing,Centralized,Sourcing,Decentralized,Fulfillment,Centralized,Fulfillment,Decentralized,Fulfillment,PRODUCT PORTFOLIO,LEVERAGEPRODUCTS,STRATEGICPRODUCTS,ROUTINE PRODUCTS,BOTTLENECK PRODUCTS,Alternativesources,ofsupplyavailable,Substitutionpossible,Criticalforproducts,cost price,Dependence on supplier,Largeproduct variety,High logisticscomplexity,Laborintensive,Monopolisticmarket,Largeentrybarriers,Competitivebidding,Performancebased,partnership,Systems contracting+,e-Commerce solutions,Securesupply +search,Foralternatives,High,High,Low,Low,SUPPLYRISK,IMPACTON,FINANCIALRESULTS,SUPPLIERPORTFOLIO,LEVERAGESUPPLIERS,STRATEGICSUPPLIERS,ROUTINE SUPPLIERS,BOTTLENECK SUPPLIERS,Many competitors,Commodityproducts,Marketleaders,Specificknow-how,Largesupply,Many supplierswith,dependentposition,Technology leaders,Few, if any,alternative,suppliers,Buyerdominated,segment,Balance of power may,differamongbuyer-supplier,Reducenumber of,suppliers,Supplierdominated,segment,High,High,Low,Low,SUPPLYRISK,SUPPLIERIMPACTON,FINANCIALRESULTS,商務價值值鏈與相相關術語語的定義義,價值鏈管管理,(Valuechainmanagement),需求鏈管管理,供應鏈管管理,商業勤務務,(Businesslogistics),勤務管理理,(Logistics management),物料管理理,實物輸配配,顧客,行銷,製造與,勤務務,採購,第一階,供應商,第二階,供應商,製造規劃劃與管制制系統,Source: venWheele2000,Production,Planning,MasterProduction,Scheduling,MaterialRqmts,Planning,Timed-phased,RqmtsRecords,Materialand,CapacityPlans,Purchasing,Vendor,Follow-UpSystems,Shop-Floor,Control,Resource,Planning,Rough-Cut,CapacityPlanning,Routing,file,BillsOf,Material,Inventory,Status,Order,Release,Detailed,CapacityPlanning,Demand,Management,供應市市場與與廠商商之特特性分分析,KeyMtlDef,材料,供,供不,應,應求,,,,造,成,成,Allocation,對不,同,同地,區,區之,SupportPolicy,不同,Supplier,行銷,Channel,複雜,,,,商,社,社與,工,工廠,溝,溝通,不,不良,LeadTime,變化,大,大,Supplier,產能,利,利用,率,率高,,,,擴,充,充彈,性,性,Supplier,因其,上,上游,原,原料,被,被控,制,制,,致,致,Commitment,無效,Supplier,材料,Version,變動,頻,頻繁,日商,重,重視,長,長期,關,關係,部分,美,美商,重,重視,短,短期,利,利益,,,,會,因,因漲,價,價造,成,成供,應,應中,斷,斷,Supplier,對,Order,之,Confirmation,週期,縮,縮短,(,(如,DRAM,,,,,逐月,Confirm),市場,由,由少,數,數供,應,應商,把,把持,因升值,,Local Supplier,之價格偏高,演讲完完毕,谢,谢,谢观看看!,
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