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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,11/7/2009,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Histology,Introduction,Yu Xiangmin(,于向民）,Department of Histology and Embryology,第一页，共二十九页。,Definition,:,A science:study normal micro-structure(,微细结构,),&its related function of human body.,4 structural levels,:,Cell,:,the smallest structural&functional unit.,Tissue(,组织,),:,groups of,cells,(similar in morphology or related in function),intercellular materials,4 types of fundamental tissue epithelium,上皮组织,connective tissue,结缔组织,muscular tissue,肌组织,nervous tissue,神经组织,第二页，共二十九页。,Organs,:,器官,organizations of,various kinds of tissues in particular ways&perform a specific,function.,System,:,系统,formed by several function-related organs which together perform a continuous physiological function.,For example:digestive system,第三页，共二十九页。,第四页，共二十九页。,Why do we study histology?,To complete the knowledge of human bodys structures-from gross to microscopic,Be able to understand how the different tissues function-the basis of physiology,Can find the diseases only after the normal is known-the basis of pathology,It is also a foundation of clinic sciencesfor a good doctor needed in future,第五页，共二十九页。,Investigative methods of histology,I.L,ight,microscopy,第六页，共二十九页。,l,1.,Tissue p,reparation,A.,paraffin section preparation,石蜡切片术,Specimen,取材,:,as fresh as possible,Fixation,固定,:,fixative:formalin solution;,purpose:to preserve the structural,organization,Dehydration,脱水,:,replace the water in the tissue by alcohol,C,learing,透明,:,replace the alcohol by xylene,E,mbedding,包埋,:,replace the xylene with melted,paraffin,Sectioning&mounting,切片,第七页，共二十九页。,第八页，共二十九页。,B.,Frozen section:,Better for preserving chemical components,(e.g.enzymes),Freezing,cryostat,s,taining,C.the,others:,Smear preparations:,for blood etc;,Grind preparations:,for bone,第九页，共二十九页。,2.,Staining,染色,Purpose:To make tissue section for observation.,H-E Staining:,Hematoxylin:,苏木精,basic,dye,bluish color,Eosin:,伊红,acid dye,pink color,B,asophilic:,嗜碱性,components stained with basic,dye(H);bluish（nuclear chromatin),Acidophilic,:,嗜酸性,components with an affinity for,acidic dye(E);pink(cytoplasm&collagen fiber),第十页，共二十九页。,Neutrophilic:,中 性,do not stain with both basic and acid dyes,Argyrophilia:,嗜银性,those with an affinity for silver,dark-brown color,第十一页，共二十九页。,Fluorescent staining,shows the apoptosis in human HL-60 cells,Silver staining of,the neuron and,the bile canaliculi,第十二页，共二十九页。,Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM),透射电镜,Using a beam of electrons(short wave-lengths),instead of visible light.,S,ection,preparation:,similar to those for L.M mainly,plastic instead of paraffin,50-70nm thick,heavy metal salts instead of HE.,Resolution,:0.1-0.5,nm,Ultrastructrue:,超微结构,The structure in EM,Electron-dense,电子密度高,electron-lucent,电子密度低,Electron Microscopy,第十三页，共二十九页。,Transmission E,lectron Microscope,第十四页，共二十九页。,第十五页，共二十九页。,Diagrams of TEM,第十六页，共二十九页。,2.Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM),扫描电镜,Sowing the 3 dimensional surface,Architecture of cells and tissues,Resolution:5,nm,第十七页，共二十九页。,JEOL,扫描电子显微镜,第十八页，共二十九页。,III.,Histochemistry&Cytochemistry,组织化学术,R,eveal the chemical composition in situ(e.g.proteins,a.a.,nucleic acid,lipids,enzymes etc.)with chemical,biochemical methods.,The product of chemical reaction should be insoluble/colored/electron-scattering,&be seen in LM or EM,第十九页，共二十九页。,polysaccharide +HIO,4,(hydroxyl group)(oxidise),Aldehyde group +Shiffs reagent,(colorless),Purplish red depositor,For instance,:,PAS,(P,eriodic Acid Schiff),reaction:,for,manifesting polysaccharide,多糖,(,糖原）,第二十页，共二十九页。,PAS reaction in the goblet cell,第二十一页，共二十九页。,IV.Immunocytochemistry,免疫组织化学,Based on antigen binds to specific antibody.,Tissue section with Antigen,+,labelled,antibody labelled Ag-Ab complex,Fluoresceinlabelling,enzyme labelling,colloidal gold,labelling,第二十二页，共二十九页。,第二十三页，共二十九页。,V.,tissue culture,组织培养,VI.,in situ,hybridization(ISH),nucleic acid molecular hybridization,原位杂交术,Use nucleotide probe to check target,fragment of intracellular,DNA,or mRNA in,situ,in order to study the g,ene expression.,第二十四页，共二十九页。,Expression of PSA and PSAmRNA in human prostate(histochemistry&ISH),第二十五页，共二十九页。,The,method in learning,histology,Combination of the 2 dimentional structure with,3 dimentional,第二十六页，共二十九页。,Combination of the,theory with,practice,Combination of the,structure,with function,Concern the,dynamic change,第二十七页，共二十九页。,Questions for review,What is the H&E staining?,Describe basophilic,acidophilic,neutrophilic?,What does PAS positive means?,第二十八页，共二十九页。,内容总结,Histology。Yu Xiangmin(于向民）。(e.g.enzymes)。C.the others:。with function,第二十九页，共二十九页。,
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