汉英翻译的文化策略课件

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Cultural Issues in C-E Translation,- Strategies and Methods,Dr. Li Changjiang,Culture and its composition,Edward B. Tylor:,Culture is that,complex whole,which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits,acquired,by man as a,member of society,.,（Edward B. Tylor. 1924. orig. 1871,Primitive Culture,. 2 vols. 7th ed. New York: Brentanos.),Peter Newmark,The way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to one speech community. (,Newmark P. 2001.,A Textbook of Translation,. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. ),Characteristics of culture,1）社会习得，而非遗传获得；,2）社会成员所共有；,3）具有象征的特性；语言就是文化中最重要的象征系统；,4）是一个统一的整体，其中每一方面都和其它方面相关联。,（,柯平，,1993：76）,Characteristics of culture,文化作为一种“原本性的存在”，具有其本体论特征：,1）文化的民族性,2）文化的传承性,3）文化的流变性,4）文化的兼容性（,刘宓庆，1999：15,）,Eugene Nida,1 . Ecology,2 Material Culture,3 Social Culture,4 Religious Culture,5 Linguistic Culture,Strata of culture,文化系统结构有四个层次：,1）物质形态层（material stratum）,2）典章制度层（institutional stratum）,3）行为习俗层（behavioral and customary stratum）,4）心理或心智活动层（mental stratum）,（刘宓庆，1999：33）,中西文化对比,思维差异,语言差异,信仰差异,价值和态度差异,（廖七一，2000：276）,汉英思维方式对比,(1)中国人注重伦理（ethics），英美人注重认知（cognition）,(2)中国人重整体（integrity）、偏重综合性（synthetic）思维，英美人重个体（individuality）、偏重分析性（analytic）思维,(3)中国人重直觉（intuition），英美人重实证（evidence）,(4)中国人重形象思维（figurative thinking），英美人重逻辑思维（logical thinking）（陈宏薇、李亚丹：2004：2532）,Translatability of culture,文化的可译性含有三层意思：,（1）译者可以理解作者原作所蕴含的文化信息；,（2）译者可以用译入语表达自己理解了的原作所蕴含的文化信息；,（3）译入语读者可以接受译者所表达的文化信息。,Translatability of culture,译者要做到三个把握：,(1)把握两种文化的异同，把握文化的地域性和超地域性；,(2)把握作者的创作意图、思路以及所要传递的文化信息；,(3)把握译入语读者对自己表达原语文化信息的方式的认同接受程度。,The importance of the role of culture in translation,To be bilingual, one has to be bicultural.,For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism.（Nida,2001:82）,It is not surprising that the most serious mistakes in translation are made because of ignorance about the views and values of other culture.（Nida,2001:286）Nida. E.A.2001,Language and Culture: Context in Translating.,上外出版社/外教社,Two strategies in dealing with cultural factors in translation,1 . 异化(foreignization; alienation)：以源语文化为中心，以源作者为中心，注意点在于将源语文化传递给译语读者，以促进文化的交流。缺点：增加译语读者理解的难度，阅读的速度、节奏也会受到影响。,2. 归化(domesticatioin; adaptation)：以译入语文化为中心，以读者为中心，将源语文化经过整理，然后以译入语中较为现成的、熟悉的、易于接受的形式出现。缺点：丧失了源语的异国特色。,Venuti:,In this vein, the deconstructionist Venuti differentiates two strategies in translation: domesticating and foreignizing. He strongly advocates the resistant foreignizing method and rejects the transparent domestication in opposition to the Anglo-American hegemonic cultural stand,“我认为，译文应该力求透明，以至看起来不像是译文。好的翻译像一块玻璃，只有玻璃上的一些小小的瑕疵 擦痕和气泡。当然，理想的最好什么也没有。译文应该永远不会引起读者感到他们在读译作。(诺曼夏皮罗),王夫人因说道：“你舅舅今日,斋戒,去了，再见罢。”,Your uncle is,in retreat,today, said Lady Wang. Hell see you another time. (Hawkes),Retreat: retirement for a time for relegious meditation (Chambers),“Your uncles,observing a fast,today,”, said Lady Wang.”you will see him some other time.”,(the Yangs),Fast: a period during which someone does not eat meat or fish for religious reason,巧妇难为无米之炊。,1.Even the cleverest housewife cannot make a,meal,without,rice,.,(The Yangs),2.Even the cleverest housewife cannot make,bread,without,flour,.,(Hawkes),盛宴,必散。,Even the best,party,must have an end. (Hawkes),Even the grandest,feast,must have an end. (The Yangs),谋事在人，成事在天。,Man proposes,god,disposes. (Hawkes),Man proposes,heaven,disposes.(the Yangs),如何评价归化、异化,不能简单的说归化比异化好，或异化比归化好，因为面对不同的读者要求、不同的文化态势，出版商不同的要求，译者需要考虑到很多因素。,因此，很多情况下，是将二者综合使用。,处理文化因素的一般策略,一般而言，处理文化因素的策略是：文化存真(transmit the authentic culture to the target readership)，特别是在物质文化层面和制度文化层面。,文化存真的翻译技巧,音译(transliteration)；,直译(literal translation)；,音译/直译+,解,释(explanation)；,增释(amplification)；,脚注(footnote),。,音译：,人名、地名以及一些表示新概念 而本族语里又找不到对成词来表示时，均可采用音译法介绍到译文语言中去，如: 汉译英 磕头（kowtow），荔枝（litchi）；功夫,kongfu,如霍克斯译红楼梦“饺子”译为,jiaozi,，“炕”译为the kang；阴阳,yin; yang,；,英译汉engine（引擎），motor（马达）， sofa(沙发)，logic（逻辑）,直译,纸老虎paper tiger，,丢脸lose face，,百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing.,眼不见，心不烦out of sight , Out of mind,.,红楼梦的一些例子,“黄酒”译为yellow rice-wine，,“果子”译为fried pastry-shapes, 或sweets，抑或cakes, nuts and dried fruits，,贵妃：imperial concubine,音译/直译+增释:,chocolate 巧克力,糖,，,opium鸦片,烟,，,golf高尔夫,球,，,rifle来福,枪,，,nylon尼龙,布,龙,Long, the Chinese totem,元宵,Yuanxiao, sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour,清明节Clear and Bright Festival, a time when Chinese renew their late ancestors tombs to mourn them,脚注(footnote),Bright red costumes, with hats, shoes and stockings to match, are to be all the craze in the Spring. Smart women will have to be careful not yawn in the streets in case some shortsighted person is on his way to post a letter.,鲜红的衣服，再配上鲜红的帽子和鞋袜，是春日的流行装束。不过时髦女郎们可得小心一点，别在街头打哈欠，要是碰上近视眼准备寄信就大事不妙了。,注：在英国，邮筒为红色,。,霍克斯对“红”的处理,在红楼梦霍克斯译本中，怡红公子被翻译成了“green boy”，怡红院，也被翻译成了“the House of,Green,Delight（怡绿院）”,增释(amplification),红楼梦第3回林黛玉初见贾母，一家人设宴同庆，“熙凤拉了黛玉在（贾母）左边第一张椅子上坐了，黛玉十分推让,。,”,Xi-feng tried to seat Dai-yu in the left nearer to her grandmother ,an honour,which she strenuously resisted,.,心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。（红楼梦）,译文1：She had more chambers in her heart than the,martyred,Bi Gan; And suffered a tithe more pain in it than the,beautiful,Xi Shi. (Tr. David Hawkes),译文2：She looked more sensitive than Pikan , more delicate than Hsi Shih.,1.,Pikan,:,A prince noted for his great intelligence in the end of Shang Dynasty.,2.,Hsi Shih,:A famous beauty of the ancient kingdom of Yueh.,(Tr. The Yangs),王佐良,“翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们全说：他必须掌握两种语言，确实如此；但是，不了解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言。”，“真正的对等应该是在各自文化里的含义、作用、范围、情感色彩、影响等等都相当”（王佐良，1989）,王佐良. 1989. 翻译：思考与试笔. 外语教学与研究出版社.,谭载喜,“翻译中对原文意思的理解，远远不是单纯的语言理解问题。语言是文化的组成部分，它受着文化的影响和制约。在翻译过程中，译者对某段文字理解的正确与否，在很大程度上取决于他对有关文化的了解。对于译者来说，没有两种文化的对比知识，就无从谈起对语言文字的正确理解与表达。”,请看一些增补或脚注的例子,“小李，什么时候请吃糖呀？”，王奶奶笑着问道。,“还没定了”，她脸一红。,“XiaoLi”, Granny Wang smiled, “when can I eat your,wedding,canddy?”,“I dont know”, she blushed,with shyness.,Here he crossed his finger.,说到这里，他交叉起手指，,祝我好运,。,He is a Hercules.,他象海格里斯一样,力大无穷,。,(希腊罗马神话)赫拉克勒斯（一位有超人力量和勇气的英雄，他完成了强加于他的12项艰巨任务，死后被立为神）,),三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。,Three cobblers combined makes Zhugeliang,the master,mind.,文化翻译中的补偿,胡太太叹了口气；看见胡国光还是一肚子心事似的踱方步。,“张铁嘴怎么说的？”胡太太惴惴地问。,很好。不用瞎担心事了。我还有委员的福份！”,“么事的桂圆？”,“是委员！从前行的是大人老爷，现在行委员了！你还不明白？”（茅盾动摇）,Madame Hu gave a sigh and watched her husband anxiously pacing about as before.,“What did Chang Tieh-tsui say?” she asked timidly.,“He gave me very good news. We need not look for trouble. I have the possibility of being a member of a,Committee,!”,“Whats a,common tea,?” asked the wife，who only vaguely caught the sound. ”,“A committee! Lords and esquires are out of date，and the prevailing nomination is to a Committee. Dont you still understand?”,用“common tea”与“committee”的发音相似来模仿原文中“桂圆”与“委员”的谐音，可谓巧译，两种语言能有音形意俱似的表达方式只是偶然，可遇而不可求。,节日的高潮是除夕，在旧年与新年交替之时，家庭全体成员要聚在一起吃年饭，菜中有道菜是鱼，而且有人讲就不能把它吃完，图个“年年有余”的吉利。,The festival reaches its climax on the lunar New Years Eve, when the past lunar year gives way to the new one. All the family members are together to have this yearly sumptuous supper on the Eve. Among the dishes, one fish course should be served. However, the fish must not be eaten up, as some people would emphasize, for the sake of “nian nian you yu”.,Note: In Chinese, “nian nian” means every year, “youyu” means “having fish” and “having surplus”. The phrase indicates an auspicious future.,在不同文化中的隐喻意义,(1) 红(喜庆)一red(暴力),(2) 白(丧服)white(婚妙),(3) 蓝(蓝色)blue(清高，忧郁，淫秽),(4) 黄(王权，淫秽)yellow(怯懦),(5) 牧童(悠闲) cowboy(冒险),(6) 农民（忠厚朴实）Peasant(心胸狭窄),(7) 狗(鄙视)dog(同情),(8) 龙(高贵)dragon(凶恶),(9) 月亮(团圆)moon(虚幻)cry for the moon 想做不可能的事情；想得到不可能得到的东西,(10) 宣传(中性词)一propaganda(贬义词),(12) 喜鹊(善言，吉祥)magpie(喋喋不休),(13) 猫头鹰(凶兆)owl(聪明),(15) 精神文明(政治)spiritual civilization(宗教),(16) 芭蕉叶(“扇子”)leaf of a palm(棕榈，芭蕉，象征胜利),三个人品字式坐了，随便谈了几句。,The three sat down facing each other and began casually chatting.,我只会马走日、象走田。,让你车马炮。,I only know the most basic moves.,Would you like me to allow you a handicap?,我姓李，木子李。,My surname is Li.,这是我们领导，陈科长。,This is Mr. Chen, our section chief.,他砸了我的饭碗。,He has taken the bread out of my mouth.,He has claimed my job. (formal),瞎子死了儿没指（子）望了 hopeless; lose all ones hope,农民工 migrant workers,外甥打灯笼照旧（照舅）get into the old rut,气管炎（妻管严）hen-pecked,“您吃了吗？”,“Hi!” or “Hello!”,霍克斯红楼梦,红楼梦称呼语的翻译,比如“老爷”，若是家人与佣人或佣人之间的对话，译文是the Master或Sir Zheng；若是贾母同宝玉之间的对话，译文是your father；王夫人称贾政为老爷，译文是you；宝玉称贾政为老爷，译文是Father。,而贾雨村的门子称他为“老爷”，译文又变为Your Honour。,宝玉称宝钗为“宝姐姐”，译文是cousin Bao，称袭人为“姐姐”，译文是Aroma。,红楼梦中,的绝大多数尊谦语变为平语，少数尊谦语予以保留。,改变的如“犬子”译为my son，北静王称贾政“老世翁”译为you；,保留的如“拙荆”译为my poor wife，贾政让元春贵妃“自珍加爱”译为cherish and sustain your precious person。,现在的原则：尊谦语一般变为平语。,贵公司：your company,拙著my book,贵府 your house,令尊your father,拙荆 my wife,中国人有大量自谦词，如“寒舍”、“敝人”、“犬子”、“贱内”、“老朽”、“拙作”、“愚见”等；对他人则有诸多敬称，如“您”、“令尊”、“令堂”、“贵舍”、“贵校”、“高见”、“大作”、“鸿论”等。英美文化中“自贬”成分较少。,王小玉便启朱唇、发晧齿，唱了几句书儿。,译文1：Now open her rosy lip and her ivory white teeth shine, her song begins!,译文2：Little Jade Wang then opened her vermilion lips, displaying her sparking white teeth, and sang several phrases.,译文3：Little Jade then parted her lips and sang a few lines.,老王和我算是柳家大院最“文明”的人了。“文明”是三孙子。（老舍柳家大院）,Old Wang and I are considered the genteel folk in the compound. Gentility be hanged! (Gentility be blown! Gentility, the deuce take it!),本例子中的“三孙子”是中国尊卑文化所产生的骂人词语，如直译为“third grandson”，难为英美人士所领悟，故改译为具有西方特色的咒骂语。,