冠词、数词、名词和代词

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,冠词、数词、名词和代词,冠词:,定冠词(the)及不定冠词(a,an)两类.,1.,定冠词(the),定冠词the表示这,那,这些,那些之意,用于可数的单数复数名词或不可数名词前.,例如:the apple the bigger one,2.,不定冠词（a,an,）,不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前,表示一的概念,但不强调数目,只表示该名词不是特定者.a(an)表示一的意义时,不如one的数字概念强.例如:a pen 一支钢笔 an egg 一个鸡蛋 a student 一个学生 an apple 一个苹果,定冠词the的用法,(1)指代上文已提到过的人或事物.例如:,There is a book called “Gone with the Wind”,on my shelf. The book was written by a foreign writer.,(2)特指谈话双方都熟悉的某(些)人或某些)事物.,例如:,The angry man on the screen is David,.,(,3)用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:,The world, the moon, the universe,(4),用在序数词,形容词的最高级前及由,only,修饰的名词前.例如:,The first lesson is as difficult as the last one.,(5)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:,the Summer Palace the USA,the Olympic Games,(6)用在江河,湖泊,海洋,山脉,群岛等的名词前.例如:the Yellow River the Black Sea,(7)用在姓氏复数前,表示某某一家人或某某夫妇.例如:the Greens the Wangs,the+姓氏复数作主语,谓语动词用复数.例如:The Whites do their cooking at home only at the weekend.,(8)the后加某些形容词,表示一类人或事物.如:the old the young the rich the poor the clever the blind,(9)用在乐器前面.例如:play the piano play the violin,(10)用在the+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级结构中,表示越越.例如:,The more exercise you take, the healthier you will be.,(11)当名词被短语或从句修饰时,该名词前用冠词.例如:The man under the tree is my grandfather. The girl in white is Mary.,(12)用在表示方位的名词前.例如:in the east in the west in the northeast of China,(13)用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或物.例如:The tree is a kind of plant. The computer is an interesting tool.(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中.例如:in the morning ，in the early morning,in the evening ，in the beginning,in the afternoon ，on the right (left ),by the way ，in the end ，the next day, at the end of ,the day after tomorrow ,at the age of ,in the front of 在(内部)的前面 the day before yesterday,go to the church, in the hospital,不定冠词a(an)的用法,(1)表示某一类人或事物中的个体,要在名词前加a(an).例如:Please pass me a chair.A child needs love in his early life.,(2)用来指某人或某物.但不具体说明是谁或是什么时,名词前要加a(an).例如:A visitor called me up just now.,(3)用来表示,一,的概念, 相当于,one,.例如:Here is a present for you.,(4)表示,单位,数量,长度,等.例如:I write to my pen-friend once a month.Take this medicine three times a day.,(5)用在专有名词前,表示说话者不知道的人或事物.相当与,a certain,例如:A Mr Black rang you up just now. (6),月份,星期及morning, afternoon, evening, night,等名词前有修饰语时,一律用a(an).,例如:,on a cold morning in a sunny Sunday,in a hot month on a terrible night,(7)用在,such a(an),quite a(an), many a(an), rather a(an),与,so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词,的结构中.例如:It is such a tall tree. Many a man comes to work on the farm.,(8)用于某些固定搭配中.例如:a few 一些,少数几个 a bit 一点儿,a lot (of) 许多,大量 a little 一点儿a piece of 一片/块 have a cold 患感冒,have a meal 吃顿饭 have a rest 休息一下have a swim 游泳 have a walk 散步,have a good time,零冠词,(1)在专有名词前不用冠词.例如:China John Australia,No.1 Middle School National Day,(2)名词前有,指示代词,物主代词,不定代词或名词所有格,修饰时,不用冠词.例如:The radio is on her desk.,Some young pioneers are working on the farm.,(3),复数名词表示一类人或事物,时,名词前不用冠词.例如:My uncle and aunt are both doctors.,Horses are useful animals.,(4)在,称呼语或表示头衔的名词,前不加冠词.例如:Miss Li Chairman Hu Dr Smith Professor Chen,(5)在,季节,月份,星期,前不用冠词.例如:Its very hot in summer.,We usually have class meetings on Wednesday.(6)在,一日三餐,学科,球类,棋牌类名词,前不用冠词.例如:,Children love to play football.,(7)在表示,交通方式的介词短语,中,不用冠词.例如:Do you usually come to Guangzhou by plane or by train ?(8),两个相同或相对的名词并用,时,不用冠词.例如:father and son hand in hand,day and night face to face sun and moon side by side,(10)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词.例如:go to work on time,at home go to college,go to church去做礼拜 in bed 在睡觉;卧病在床 in front of 在前面,at table 进餐 in future 今后,on earth 究竟 in hospital 住院,真题考察,In playing_, choosing a tune is very important.,A. piano B. pianos C. a piano D. the piano,定冠词the 常用于乐器的名称之前，表示演奏。,The old man told us_ story that we all forgot about the time.,A,.,such an interesting B. such interesting a,C. so an interesting D. a so interesting,Such a(an)+名词+that 从句 和so+形容词或副词+that从句 表示如此以至于,（二）数词,表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。,一、基数词,1)表示书页、房间、住所、邮编、电话号码等编号 line 12, postcode 710000,2)表示确指数字时，如,ten, hundred, dozen, thousand, million, score,等，只用,单数,形式，不能加s,如three million college students, two dozen bottles of beer , four score and six years,但在某些表示概数的习语中，如,“成百上千，成千上万”等，基数词要加“s”,，如hundreds of soldiers, thousands of birds,当 hundreds of, thousands of, millions of 被,a few, some, several, many,等不确切数字的词修饰时，用单复数形式均可。,Some thousand(s) of workers attended the meeting.,(4）基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄,1）表示年代：in the +年份的复数 在几世纪几十年代,2）表示年龄：in ones +整十的复数 在某人几十岁时,二、序数词,序数词的缩写形式：,first-1stsecond-2ndthree-3rd,除前三个外，其余序数词都以th 结尾（,fifth, eighth ,ninth ,twelfth,）,以ty 结尾的基数词构成序数词时，须将,y改成-i再加-eth,，如,twentieth, thirtieth,两位数的基数词变序数词时，只需将个位数变成序数词，十位数不变，如twenty-one变为twenty-first,三、 数词的用法,1)倍数表示法,a.,主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as,I have three times as many as you.,b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+,the size (amount，weight, length) of,The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.,c.,主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than,The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.,d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍,The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.,2)分数表示法,构成：,基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：,1/3 one-third ; 2/10 two-tenths,但,分数作定语,时，,分子和分母间必须加连字符，且分母要用单数，,不用复数形式,。,真题考察,3._ happiness is built on the basis of health.,A. Ninth-tenths B. Nine-tenth C. Nine-tenths D. Nine-ten,“十分之九”的表达方式 “nine tenths”,但分数作定语时，分子和分母间必须加连字符，且分母要用单数，不用复数形式,。,4.Two_ died of cold last winter.,A. hundreds old people B. hundred old people,C. hundreds old peoples D. hundred old peoples,Hundred, thousand, million 做定语时一律不用复数；作名词时后跟“of短语”，要用复数。名词people 为person的一般复数形式，peoples意为“民族”，如the fifty-six peoples of China.,名词,1.名词的数,可数名词复数变化规则：,1）一般情况加-s,bird-birds, desk-desks ,hand-hands, lake-lakes,2）以ch, , sh ,s ,x ,z 结尾加-es,watch-watches ,brush-brushes ,class-classes, box-boxes,3) 辅音字母+y变y为i在加 es,baby-babies, country-countries,4) 以o结尾加-es,tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes, hero-heroes, volcano-volcanoes,5)以f或fe结尾变f或者fe为v加es,thief-thieves, wife-wives, leaf-leaves,knife-knives, wolf -wolves, ,life-lives,a.以元音字母+y结尾的名词，直接加-s, 如：play-plays, boy-boys,b.以o结尾的名词，直接加-s,如：photo-photos, bamboo-bamboos,kilo-kilos zoo-zoos radio-radios piano-pianos,c.以f 或者fe结尾，直接加-s,如：,belief-beliefs, cliff-cliffs , safe-safes, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs, chief-chiefs,可数名词复数的不规则变化：,1） 变换元音或者加后缀,如：tooth-teeth foot-feet mouse-mice,woman-women ox-oxen child-children,2） 单复同形,如：cattle Chinese sheep,deer means fish,3） 外来语的复数形式,datum-data medium-media,crisis-crises phenomenon-phenomena,4) 有些名词形式上是单数，但用作复数,Police, mankind, people, cattle,crew,5) 合成词复数通常在主干词上加“s”,brother-in-laws, passers-by, story-tellers,6)可直接在其前使用,不定冠词或数词,；可受,these, those, few, a few, many, a good great many, a great good number of,等修饰。如：,There are five rooms in the apartment.,There were many things to be done.,不可数名词的数,常见的不可数名词,:(物质名词和抽象名词,）,advice, luggage, bread ,damage, knowledge, equipment, information, population, housework, furniture,通常没有复数形式；其前不可直接用不定冠词或数词；可用,(a) little, much, a great deal, a lot of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of, some, any,等修饰；,要表示数量不可在前面直接加数词，而要用 a piece of 之类的结构。,They havent much furniture.,He lost a great quantity of blood.,two pieces of paper a slice of meat,a fit of cough three cups of tea,名词作定语,It took us quite a long time to get here. It was _ journey.,A. three-hour B. a three hour,C. a three-hour D. three hours,The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk.,A. a four hour B. a four hours,C. a four-hours D. a four hours,“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如： a ten-mile walk； a five-year plan,但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。,There are only twelve _ in the hospital.,A,woman doctors B,women doctors,C,women doctor D,woman doctor,man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：a man worker men workers,a woman teacher women teachers,a gentleman official gentlemen officials,名词所有格,名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分-s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。,1. -s所有格的构成方法为,：对于,单数名词,和,不带词尾-s的复数名词,，直接在其后加,-s,构成；对于,词尾带-s的复数名词,只加,省字符(),。如：,Jims parents 吉姆的父母 mens club男子俱乐部,the teachers office 教师办公室,注：用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即,表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-s：,Jacks and Mikes rooms (各自)的房间,Jack and Mikes room (共同)的房间,2. -s所有格的用法：,-s 所有格通常用于有生命者，但有时也可用于无生命的东西，如用于表时间或距离的名词后，用于表示国家、城市、组织机构等的名词,后等。如：,Wherere todays papers?,Whats your governments policy?,It is the countrys biggest city?,3. of 所有格即指在名词后使用,of 短语来表示所有关系，它既可用于有生命的人或物，也可用于无生命的东西。,如：,We all like the son of Mr Green. 。,Ill never forget the beauty of the lake.,注：of 所有格有时可以与-s 所有格互换。如：,That mans name is interesting. =,The name of that man is very interesting.,4. 双重所有格。双重所有格就是指同时既使用 -s 所有格又使用 of 所有格。如：,a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一位朋友,a photo of Mr Smiths 史密斯先生的一张照片,注：,被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时，通常带有一定的感情色彩(如赞赏、不满、厌恶等),。如：,That little daughter of your cousins is really lovely. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是可爱。(,表赞赏,),That daughter of your cousins is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(,表厌恶,),在某些习惯用语中，需要s的所有格。例如： The driver escaped the death by a hairs breadth那个司机这回真是九死一生。 Now you may sing to your hearts content你现在可以尽情地唱了。 另外，for friendships sake（,为了友情,），at a stones throw（,一箭之遥,）， at ones fingers tip（,手头上有,），at arms length（,保持距离,），at ones wits end（,黔驴技穷,）,真题考察,1.“Look! The police _ here to keep order! Go away quickly,” one of them shouted.,A. is coming B. comes,C. are coming D. has come,2. She could not speak English, but made her wishes known by means of _.,A. signs B. sighs C. movements D. words,1.,C,。特殊类群体名词police / cattle做主语时，谓语动词用复数。警察个体用policeman / policewoman；牛的个体用 a head of cattle。,2.,A,。signs指“手势”，还可用our expressions和gesture等body movements来表达思想。sigh意为“叹息”，words与前半句矛盾。,3.In my opinion, what he told us just now about the affair simply doesnt make any _.,A. idea B. meaning C. sense D. point,4. Who did you spend last weekend with?,_.,A. Palmers B. The Palmers,C. The Palmers D. The Palmers,3.,C,。make sense是习语，意为“有道理”、“意义清楚” 。,4.,C,C。表示Palmer一家人，指一家人时常用the +姓氏的复数。,5._ food is kept in his new cave, but at last Saddam was still arrested.,A. Large quantities of B. A great deal of,C. A large number of D. Quite a few,6. Lets try operating the machine right now., Wait. Better read the _first.,A. instructions B. explanations,C. information D. introduction,5.,B,。 a large / great / good quantity / amount of +复数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；large / great / good quantities / amounts of +复数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用复数。,6.,A,。instructions说明书(常用复数)，explanation解释、说明。,7.The rest of the magazines_ within half an hour.,A. is sold out B. was sold out,C. were sold out D. are sold out,8.The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses_ much if people leave things_ they are.,A. doesnt change; as B. arent changed; like,C. dont change; like D. dont change; as,7.,C,。Most of / Half of / Part of / part of +名作主语,谓语与of后面的名词保持一致。本题中magazines是可数名词复数，故谓语动词用复数。,8.,A,。The number of + 名词复数，谓语常用单数；A number of + 名词复数，谓语常用复数。,名词与介词的搭配,名词+,between,analogy between 类似,balance between 平衡,difference between. 不同,差异similarity between . .的相似之处,contradiction between 矛盾,不一致,connection between 关系,连接,compromise between/on 折中,妥协,distinction between 区别,名词+for,affection for 爱,喜欢 apology to sb for sth 道歉 appeal for 魅力,吸引力 appetite for 对.的欲望 arrangement for 对.的安排 attraction for 对.的吸引力,anxiety for 渴望 ambition for 雄心,candidate for 候选人,人选 claim for 要求,contest for 争夺,竞争 credit for 荣誉,赞扬,demand for 对.的需求 desire for 渴望,fancy for 喜爱 hatred for/of 仇恨,preference for 偏爱 reason for 原因,理由 passion for 对.的强烈爱好,热爱,remedy for 补救,解决,responsibility for 责任 reputation for 名声,名气 request for 要求 protection for 保护,search for 对.的搜寻,taste for 对.的爱好,喜爱,wish for 欲望,愿望,名词+in,advance in 改进,进步,admission to /into 进入,入(场,学,会),belief in 对.的信仰,相信 confidence in 对.的信任,相信,decrease in .的减少 increase in 增加,增长,faith in 对.的信任,信仰,interference in/with 干涉,阻碍,investment in 投资,success in 成功,名词+on,action on 对.的作用 comment on 对.的评论,dependence on 依赖于 effect on 对.的作用 stress on 对.的强调 impression on 对.的印象,concentration on 专心,集中精力,emphasis on 对.的强调,注重 impact on/ upon 对.的撞击,巨大影响 improvement on 对.的改进,提高,research on/into 对.的研究,调查,restraint on 限制,约束 pressure on .的压力,名词+over,advantage over 优于.的有利条件,concern about/over 担心,名词+from,absence from 缺席,不在,departure from 离开,independence from 独立,自主,名词+to,access to .的入口,通路 addition to 增加 answer to .的答案 application to 把.应用于. approach to 类似,办法,通道,attention to 对.的注意 barrier to .的障碍 consent to 同意 contrast to 对比,对照 contribution to 贡献,捐献, damage to sth 损坏,danger to 危险 delegate to 参加.的代表 entrance to .的入口,入场,exception to .的例外 exposure to sth 暴露 gratitude to sb 感激 hazard to 危险 inquiry into 对.的调查 introduction to 引言,介绍,入门 invitation to 邀请,代词,英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：,人称代词,（I ,he, you, she)、,物主代词,(my, his, our)、指示代词(this, that, these, those)、,反身代词,(myself, yourself, herself, oneself)、,相互代词,(each other, one another)、,疑问代词,(what, who, whose, which)、,关系代词,(who, which, that, as)和,不定代词,(some, any, many, much)。,其中,关系代词,、,不定代词,是,考试重点,关系代词,1） 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。）,2） 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见表：,限定性非限定性限定性,指人 指物指人或指物,主 格who which that,宾 格 whomthat that,属 格whose of which/whose,This is the pencil whose point is broken.,这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语),He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。,（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）,不定代词的用法,1）不定代词有,all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。,1. both 全部，都，不定代词both指两个人或事物。可以用作主语、宾语、定语或同位语。例如：,Both would like to go swimming.(作主语),We invited both to come to our farm.(作宾语),Both films are interesting.(作定语),They both like skating.(作they的同位语),2. none 无人或无物 意思和all相反，和no one同义，但其用法相当于名词，在句子中一般作主语或宾语。它代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数皆可。例如：,None of the problems is/are easy to solve. (作主语，代替可数名词),None of the money is mine. (作主语，代替不可数名词),I know none of them.(作宾语),注：不定代词none表示三个或三个以上都不，所以汉语的我们(三人以上)都不去译成英语为None of us will go .而不能译成All of us will not go.后者译为我们并不是个个都去。,3. either 两者之中的任何一个不定代词either可以作主语、宾语和定语。例如：,Either of them will agree to this arrangement.(作主语),Here are two books. You can borrow either of them.(作宾语),I believe either method will work. (作定语),4. neither 两个之中一个也不 是不定代词neither是either的否定形式，可以作主语、宾语和定语。例如：,Neither is interesting. (作主语),-Did you see Mary and Jack?,-No, I saw neither of them.(作宾语),I think neither book is worth reading.(作定语),注：a. 不定代词neither表示两个都不，所以汉语的我俩都没去那儿译成英语为Neither of us went there.而不能译成 Both of us did not go there.后者意为我俩没都去那儿。,b. 肯定形式的动词+neither=否定形式的动词+either。例如：,I like neither of them.=I dont like either of them.,5. other 其他的，相当于名词时，有复数形式 others，还有所有格形式 others 和others。不定代词 other之前常用冠词 the。例如：,He has two daughters . One is a teacher, the other is a nurse.(作主语),Some will go swimming, others will go shopping.(作主语),I have two pictures of the Great Wall here. You have seen one. Now Ill show you the other .(作宾语),There are other ways of helping him out of difficulty.(作定语),6. another 泛指另一个,它只能代替或修饰可数的单数名词，前面不再用冠词。复数形式是some others。例如：,One is blind, another is deaf, and a third is lame.(作主语),This shirt is too small for me. Please show me another . (作宾语),She is a fool, and her husband is another.(作表语),Would you like another cup of milk? (作定语),You will have to stay here for another five days.(作定语，five days形式上是复数，但意义上是单数，可以和another连用),7.few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点few / little为否定含义，没有多少了。,He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。,典型例题: Although he s wealthy，he spends_ on clothes. A. little B. fewC. a little D. a few 答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。固定搭配:only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)many a (=many)Many books were sold. Many a book was sold.,