非谓语动词-infinitive

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Grammar,Infinitive,不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,完成式,进行式,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been done,to be doing,否定式：,not/never to do,(1),不定式的一般式,表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作几乎同时发生或在其后发生。,(2),不定式的进行式,表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。,eg:I hope to meet you again.,eg:She pretended to be reading when her mother came in.,一、不定式的时态：,二、不定式所充当的成分：,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语，但不能单独作谓语。,1.作主语：(1)不定式直接作主语.书P83/1,eg:学好英语并不容易。,To learn English well is not easy.,(3),不定式的完成式,表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,eg:Im glad to have seen your father.,(2)为了避免头重脚轻，常用,it作形式主语,放在句首，真正主语(不定式)放句末。,eg:,To learn English well is not easy.=,It is not easy to learn English well.,eg:,It is good for our health to do more exercise.=,To do more exercise is good for our health.,注意区别：,to do作主语表示：,v-ing作主语表示：,某个特定的、具体的,将来的动作,抽象的、习惯性，经常性的动作,(3)疑问词+to do作主语,eg:Where to go has not been decided yet.,eg:How to use the computer is a question.,eg:,Walking,after supper is helpful.,eg:,To walk,in the street this evening will be nice.,(2)不定式作宾语时，如果还带有宾语,补足语，往往用,it作形式宾语,而把不定式宾语(真正宾语)放在宾语补足语之后。,2.作宾语：(1)不定式直接作宾语,(固定搭配),eg:,begin,to do,want,to do,forget,to do,like,to do,decide,to do,ask,to do.,eg:It began to rain when I got home.,形宾,宾补,真宾,eg:I find it interesting,to work with him,.,这类v.有:,think,feel,find,make,consider,(4)不定式作介词宾语:,eg:I have no choice,but,to stay,here.,eg:He did nothing last night,but,repair,his bike.,(3)疑问词+to do作宾语,eg:I dont know how to get there.,前面有do,后面不要to,3.作宾语补足语：,(固定搭配),eg:He asked me,to do the work,with him.,宾语,宾补,(1)动词不定式作宾补，实际上宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的能接动词不定式作宾补的v.有：,want,ask,wish,tell,get,teach,encourage,等。,注意：,(2)在“五让、三看、两听、一注意、一发现、一感觉”，即,make,let,have,keep,leave,look at,see,watch,listen to,hear,notice,find,feel,observe,动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补。,eg:His mother makes him,sweep,the floor every day.,宾语,不带to的不定式作宾补,注：,这些v.用于被动语态时，不定式必须带to,eg:He was made,to sing,an English song at the party.,4.作表语:,(放在系动词后面),eg:她的工作是照顾孩子。,Her work is to look after the babies.,eg:To see is to believe.眼见为实。,(主语为不定式，表语也用不定式),5.作定语:,(动词不定式作定语，需放在被修饰的n.之后),eg:I have quite a lot of homework,to do,.,eg:He appears to have caught a cold.,All you have to do is,finish,the job quickly.,eg:你要干的事就是尽快做完这份工作.,注意：,(1)作定语的不定式如果是vi.，或者不定式所修饰的n.或pron.是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的,介词,。书P6/3,eg：He is looking for a room to live,in,eg:,没什么可担心的。,There is nothing to worry,about,eg:Please give me a knife to cut,with,vi.,(room是不定式动作的地点),请给我把刀子来切东西。(knife是工具),(2)用来修饰有序数词，最高级或no,all,any,一定要用不定式。,eg:Women and children were,the first,to get into the lifeboats.,特例：但是如果不定式所修饰的n.是,time,place或way,时，不定式后的,介词,习惯上要,省去,。,eg:I have no,place,to live.,我没地方住。,试比较：,eg:Have you anything to send?,(3)作定语的不定式所修饰的n.或pron.是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用,主动语态,，也可以用,被动语态,，但其意义有所不同。,你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you),你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else),Have you anything to be sent?,6.作状语:,(表示目的，原因，结果),eg.I came here,to see,you,eg:We were very excited,to hear,the news,eg:He hurried to the school,to find,nobody,there.,(目的),(原因),(结果),(1)目的状语还可以用,in order to,so as to(不用于句首),来表示。,eg:,In order to pass,the exam，he worked very hard.,eg:We ran all the way,so as not to be,late,为了别迟到我们一路上跑来的。,(2)结果状语还可以用,too.to.,such/so.as to.,enough to.,only to.(意料之外的结果),eg:Is your brother old,enough to join,the army?,你弟弟到参军的年龄了吗？,eg:The tea is,too,hot,to drink,.,(3)作原因状语。书P84/3,only doing(意料之中的结果),(4)不定式也可以在表语形容词后面作状语。,eg:,I am very glad,to hear,it.,听见这事我很高兴。,The question is difficult,to answer,这个问题难回答。,7.作独立成分,eg:,To tell you the truth,I dont agree with you.,说实话，我不同意你的观点。,(1)不定式修饰的n.或pron.和不定式构成逻辑上,主谓关系,时，不定式常用主动形式。,eg:I havent got a key to unlock the door?,我没有钥匙开门。,三、不定式的语态：,1.不定式的,主动语态,：,常用的这类短语有：,to be frank,(坦白地说)，,to be exact,(确切地说)，,to begin with,(首先)，,to make a long story short,(长话短说),(2)不定式和它前面被修饰的n.或pron.构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式.,eg:I have got a letter,to write,eg:He needs a room to live in,句子的主语,被修饰的n.,作定语的不定式(主动),(3)不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.,eg:He is hard(for me)to talk to,eg:The book is difficult(for me)to understand,2.不定式的,被动语态,：,(1)动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者，一般使用不定式的被动语态。,eg:The book was said,to have been translated,into many languages.,(2)如果强调句中的承受者，则用不定式的被动态。,eg:The bag is too heavy,to be lifted,.,3.在,there be,结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用,主动,形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用,被动,形式。,eg:There is a lot of work to do.,eg:There is a lot of work to be done.,(Somebody has to do the work.),(The work has to be done.),请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：,There is nothing to do,There is nothing to be done,无事可做，感到十分乏味。,某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。,四、省略不定式符号to的情况：,1.在“五让、三看、两听、一注意、一发现、一感觉”，即,make,let,have,keep,leave,look at,see,watch,listen to,hear,notice,find,feel,observe,动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补。,2.在,would rather/would sooner/had rather/had sooner.than,rather than,等结构的than之后用不带to的不定式。,eg:He insisted on going back to his work,rather than stay,in hospital.,eg:I,would rather,go,than stay,.,3.在以,why/why not,引导的疑问句中不带to.,eg:,Why,worry about it?,eg:,Why not,do it right now?,4.在,cannot but,cannot choose but,cannot help but,之后不定式