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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,第一章,物流与供应链,1,学习目标,理解物流的定义,理解物流的经济重要性,了解最新事件及它们对物流实践的影响,2,学习目标,理解公司内的物流实践,了解不同的定价策略,了解物流职业,3,Table 1-1:,与国内生产总值相关的企业物流系统成本,Year,Inventory Carrying Costs,Transportation Costs,Administrative Costs,Total U.S.Logistics Cost,Logistics As a Percentage of GDP,1960,31,44,3,78,14.7,1965,38,64,4,106,14.7,1970,56,91,6,153,14.7,1975,97,116,9,222,13.5,1980,220,214,17,451,16.1,1985,227,274,20,521,12.4,1990,283,351,25,659,11.4,1995,302,441,30,773,10.4,2000,377,590,39,1,006,10.1,Source:,R.Wilson and R.Delaney,Twelfth Annual,State of Logistics Report,2001,4,美国物流成本占,GDP,比重逐年变化状况,5,1997,年,国际货币基金组织的统计数据显示,(,表,1-3),物流成本在各国经济中扮演角色,如果某国可以用较小比例的资源完成其各项物流活动,则显示该国的物流性能较高。其中以美、英、日的表现为佳,中国大陆的物流成本则比例最高,几个地区物流成本比较,中国大陆占,GDP,的比重最高,地区,GDP(10,亿美元,),物流成本,(10,亿美元,),比重,(%),英国,1242,125,10.1,美国,8083,849,10.5,日本,3080,351,11.4,中国台湾,308,40,13.1,中国香港,175,24,13.7,新加坡,85,12,13.9,中国大陆,4250,718,16.9,6,物流是什么?,Logistics,7,Logistics:What It Is,The definition(Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals):,“Logistics is that part of the,supply chain,process that plans,implements,and controls the efficient,effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods,services,and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements.”,Source:,clm1.org,8,什么是物流?,供应链管理专业协会的定义:,物流是供应链管理的一部分,它以满足顾客需求为目标,对产品、服务和相关信息在起始点和消费点之间的有效率,有效果的正向和逆向流动和储存进行计划、实施和控制。,9,PERSIL,30,C,40,C,60,C,95,C,Neu,Ja,生产,包装,上托盘,成品进入,企业仓库,三次运输,货架陈列,Ja,PERSIL,30,C,40,C,60,C,95,C,Neu,商店提货,一次运输,上托盘,二次运输,提货,生产物流,顾客,废弃,回收,废弃物物流,社会物流,销售物流,REWE,商品进入商店,原材料,标准件,辅材,通用件,10,物流的经济影响,宏观经济影响,经济效用,拥有效用,形式效用,地点效用,时间效用,11,物流日益增长的重要性,经济规制的放松,顾客行为的改变,技术进步,零售商权力的不断增大,贸易全球化,12,物流系统方法和总成本方法,系统方法,公司的目标和物流目标的相互依赖性,职能部门制定的决策应该考虑对其他部门的潜在影响。,Stock-keeping units(SKUs),内部物流的依赖性,13,Figure 1-1:,内向和外向物流的控制,14,采购管理,仓储管理,出货管理,进货管理,配送管理,系统运作控制与管理,库存管理,用户管理,商品信息管理,订货管理,财务处理,进 货,进货验收,分 拣,保 存,包 装,分 类,组 配,装 货,运 输,交 货,供应商管理,企业物流管理,用户,制造商、供应商,企业物流管理,15,Figure 1-2:,作为主要卖点的物流服务利用,16,物流系统方法和总成本方法,总成本方法:,成本权衡,:,一个物流活动的变化会导致一些成本增加,而另一些成本下降。,总物流,:,企图使支持企业顾客服务目标的配送成本最小。,17,公司内部的物流关系,财务,LIFO,:后进先出,FIFO,:先进先出,营销,地点决策,价格决策,FOB origin/FOB destination pricing systems,装运港船上交货,/,目的港船上交货定价,Landed costs,:抵岸成本、到岸成本,Phantom freight,:虚假运费,Freight absorption,:运费吸收,18,Figure 1-3:,虚假运费和运费吸收,19,公司内部的物流关系,营销,产品决策,Stockouts,:缺货,促销决策,生产,20,物流渠道中的活动,顾客服务,设施选址决策,库存管理,订单管理,生产作业计划,退货,运输管理,需求预测,工业包装,物料搬运,零配件和服务支持,采购,残料和废料处理,仓储管理,21,22,重力货架系统,23,Consumer and Industrial,Packaging,24,25,26,27,物流职业,专才,Freight rates,Warehouse layouts,Inventory analysis,Production,Purchasing,Transportation law,通才,Understands functional relationships,Relates logistics to other firm operations,suppliers,customers,Controls large expenditures,28,Logistics Careers,Most business organizations are potential employers,Logistics is the second-largest employment sector in the United States,The CEO of Wal-Mart began his Wal-Mart career in the logistics area!,29,Logistics Professionalism,Council of Logistics Management,Canadian Association of Logistics Management,American Production and Inventory Control Society,American Society of Transportation and Logistics,Association for Transportation Law,Logistics,and Policy,Delta Nu Alpha,International Society of Logistics,Transportation Research Forum,Warehousing and Education Research Council,Professional Organizations Dedicated to,Advancing the Professional Knowledge of their members:,30,
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