动词非谓语形式

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit One,*,Unit One Non-finite Verbs,Kong,Nannan,1,Unit One,Introduction,1.,定义：,谓语形式,是指动词在句中,做谓语,时的,各种,形式，它必须与,主语,的,人称和数,保持一致。,非谓语形式,是指动词在句中,不做谓语,时的一些形式，它,不受主语人称和数,的限制，还称为非限定动词或非人称动词。,例如：动词,be,The finite forms,：,am, is, are, was and were.,The non-finite forms:,be, being and been.,2,Unit One,2.,种类,A. The infinite,不定式,B. The participle,分词,C. The gerund,动名词,3,Unit One,3.,特点,A.,有语态和时态的变化形式,B.,可带有自己的宾语，状语，补语，这时分别称为动词不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语。,肯定式,主动形式,被动形式,一般式,To do,To be done,完成式,To have done,To have been done,进行式,To be doing,完成进行式,To have been doing,4,Unit One,I. The infinitive(5),The simple infinitive,Complex infinitive,Nominal infinitive,The reflexive infinitive,（反射式不定式）,Infinitive forms of the pattern “there be”,5,Unit One,I. The infinitive,The simple infinitive,Its formation:,To+,动词原形,Not to+,动词原形,(Exercises,),6,Unit One,Its functions:,（,1,）,Subject,Features,：,.The predicate must be in singular form, third person.,E.g.,To apply theory to practice is very important.,To construct such inductors requires many turns of wire and cores.,.The formal subject “it” is often used.,E.g.,It is very important to apply theory to practice.,It requires many,turns of wire and cores to construct such inductors.,7,Unit One,It,is of great interest,to study the three laws of motion.,It,seems not possible,to find out this this current.,It is possible to (do ) “,我们能够,”,It is necessary to (do ) “,我们必须,”,It is a simple matter to (do ) “,是容易的”, “,It + link verb + predicative + infinitive(subject)”p48,I,t,作形式主语的句型,8,Unit One, “,It +,vt,（,take, require, do, make,）,+ object +,infinitive (subject)”,It,takes,sunlight,about 8 minutes,to reach the earth.,It,requires,a strong field,to magnetize these materials.,谓,间宾,主,直宾,谓,宾,主,9,Unit One, “,It +,vi,(remain,，,work, help, occur)+ infinitive ”,It,remains,now to determine a and b.,It helps to take the values of x., “,It + passive voice,（,desire, leave, find, propose,）, + S.C. or others + infinitive”,It,is desired,to solve the equation for the unknown.,It,is left,as a problem to show that these equations reduce to,Eq,. (2 7) when the point lies on the,x,-axis.,10,Unit One,（,2,）,Adverbial,At the beginning of a sentence: to express a purpose, meaning“,为了；要”,To operate a computer well, it is necessary to do a lot of practice.,To correlate these concepts,a block diagram of a general communications system is shown in Fig.1.,11,Unit One,At the end of a sentence,：,to express either a purpose,（,meaning“,来；以便于”）,or a result,（,meaning“,而；以致于”）,This device can be used,to measure the strength of the signal,.,Many elements combine with hydrogen,to form combustible,（易燃的）,liquids,.,In a free state, atoms usually combine together,to form molecules,（分子）,.,12,Unit One,Forming set phrases or word collocations,in order to require use; need to ,too,to sufficient enough to ,so as to able to ,so,as to try to ,such as to aim to ,such,as to act serve; function to,Serve to ,13,Unit One,In a liquid,enough,intermolecular,（分子间的）,forces exist,to keep the volume of the liquid constant,.,In long-distance communications, a transmitter is,required,to process the incoming information so as to make it suitable for transmission and subsequent,（随后的）,reception,（接收）,.,Exercises,14,Unit One,Word Study,Term: A.,名词,In terms of,依照，按照，用，利用，通过,In terms of,就,而言,In the long term,从长远角度来看,Term by term,逐项地,1.Conductance is measured,in terms of,mohs,.,电导是以姆欧来度量的,2.,In term of,money, hes quite rich, but not in term of happiness.,就钱来说他很富有，但就幸福来说就不然了。,3.,The term,force is often used in physics.,力这个术语在物理中经常用到。,4.There are,four terms,in this expression.,15,Unit One,Term,B.,动词：把,称作,The equation,is termed,Ohms Law.,A is called B.,A is named B.,A is known as B.,A is referred to as B.,A is spoken of as B.,16,Unit One,Familiar,Be familiar with,We are all familiar with these concepts.,Get familiar with,We should get familiar with these concepts.,Be familiar to,前者对后者是熟悉的,These concepts are familiar to us.,17,Unit One,Electric, electrical, and electronic,electric,为“电的，用电的，带电的”，指任何电动的或发电的装置，被修饰的物体本身可带电。如,:,electric,light, electric,stove, electric,piano, electric,motor, electric bell,。,Electric wire,又如：,Please connect the two electric wires.,请将这两根电线接起来。,With this electric blanket, the grandpa wont feel cold in winter.,有了电热毯，到了冬天爷爷就不觉得冷了。,18,Unit One,2.electrical,为“电气的，与电有关的，电气科学的”，指与电有关的事物，被修饰的词本身并不能带电。 如：,electrical engineer, electrical energy, electrical engineering,，,an electrical fault,。,又如：,All the electrical work was done by my younger brother.,所有的电工活都由弟弟来干。,He buried himself in an electrical book.,他埋头读一本电学方面的书。,3. electronic,是电子的，和电子有关的。,An electronic form,一份电子版,electronic music,电子音乐,19,Unit One,Grammar Points in Passage A,10.06,Serve,2. Communications,等常用复数形式的名词,3. Refer,4.By,（,prep.,）,5. even+,比较级,6.Be concerned with,7.Its 8.Be familiar with 9.first 10. know about,11.Time,20,Unit One,1.Serve,可作,.,用,服务,对待,Serve to do,适用于，用来,Serve the purpose of,用以充当,Serve as a substitute (,用以,),代替,He,served,some sweets,to,the children.,他为孩子们拿来他们要买的糖果。,She has,served,the family faithfully,for,thirty years.,她为这个家忠心耿耿地操劳了,30,年。,A single example will,serve to,illustrate the point.,A single example will,serve the purpose of,illustrating the point.,只举一个例子就可以把问题说清楚了。,21,Unit One,2.Communications,等常用复数形式的名词：,辱骂,跪下,浑水摸鱼,热锅上的蚂蚁,情绪高涨,安排,做准备,以优秀成绩毕业,敬意,祝福,隔墙有耳,All these,cares and worries,are ungrounded.,Communications,satellites,Call,sb,. Names,fall on ones knees,fish in troubled waters,a cat on the hot bricks,in high sprits,make arrangements,make preparations,graduate with honors,pay ones respects to,best wishes,wall have ears,22,Unit One,3.Refer,v.,把,提交,谈及,咨询,参考词形变化,:,动词过去式,:,referred,过去分词,:,referred,现在分词,:,referring,第三人称单数,:,refers,名词,:,referral,形容词,:,referable,Refer to,涉及，提到，有关,The term “communications”,refers to,the sending, reception and processing of information by electrical means.,通信这一术语是指用电来发送，接收和处理信息。,For further particulars, please,refer,to,Chapter Ten.,详情请看第,10,章。,By A we refer to B,所谓,A,我们指的是,B,By A we mean B,所谓,A,我们指的是,B,By communications, we refer to the sending, reception and processing of information by electrical means.,23,Unit One,4.By,（,prep.,）,在,旁,by the river, north by east(,正北偏东,),通过,方式，手段,by train, by electrical means,期限,by 1987,（截至,1987,）,By and large,一般来说，总的讲，大体上，,By hand, by the way, by itself,This equation can be solved,by,the method mentioned above.,通过,.,的方法,By,the Law of Universal Gravitation,（万有引力定律）,all bodies attract each other.,根据,按照,=according to,24,Unit One,By,the use of =using the above equations, the values in Table 4-1 are obtained.,表示通过,.,，,=through, The two parallel conducting plates,（平行导电平板,differ in potential,（电位）,by,one volt,（伏特）,.,引出数量，,for,也有此功能，但是它引出时间，,through,引出距离。,By,equation,we mean,a mathematical expression in which the two sides balance.,固定搭配,The dimensions of this device are 3 ft,by,4 ft,by,5 ft.,乘,25,Unit One,5.even+,比较级：更。,ever +,比较级：越来越。,for monosyllabic words -,“.,er,and .,er,”,E.g. You can see the car moving faster and faster.,ever +,er,- mainly for monosyllabic words,E.g.,Computers are becoming,ever smaller,.,(2) for polysyllabic words -,“more and more .”,E.g. That girl is more and more beautiful.,26,Unit One,6.Be concerned with,牵涉到，与,有关，参与,Have no concern with,和,毫无关系,With concern,关切的,7.Its,见书本,p43,8.Be familiar with,11.Time,From time to time,有时，常常，时时，,at a given time; at no time; at the same time;,for the first time; from that time on; in no time;,in time; once upon a time; up to time,27,Unit One,Some Questions on Passage A and B:,1.Find out the sentences using the infinitive form and point out the function they play in the sentence .,(1)It,作形式主语的句型, “,It + link verb + predicative +,infinitive(subject,)”, “It +,vt,（,take, require, do, make,）,+ object + infinitive (subject)”, “It +,vi,(remain,，,work, help, occur)+ infinitive ”, “It + passive voice,（,desire, leave, find, propose,）, + S.C. or others + infinitive”,（,2,）,Adverbial, At the beginning of a sentence: to express a purpose, meaning“,为了；要”,At the end of a sentence,：,to express either a purpose,（,meaning“,来；以便于”）,or a result,（,meaning“,而；以致于”）,Forming set phrases or word collocations,28,Unit One,2. Transform the sentences into another pattern,P53:V,3.Tranlate the phrases into Chinese or English,P54:,4.Homework,29,Unit One,30,Unit One,31,Unit One,32,Unit One,Lesson Two,33,Unit One,（,3,）,Object,：,Attention should be paid to the following two points,The passive form of the infinitive acts as an object.,These problems deserve,to be further studied,.,34,Unit One,A commonly used pattern: “SV it O. C. infinitive”,We find,it,very difficult to solve this problem.,This makes,it,possible to design,vectors,.,35,Unit One,（,4,）,Predicative,Features,：,. S = P in meaning.,. Only the active form is used.,. In general, “is” is used as the link verb, with the meaning of“,是”,.,Otherwise, it belongs to a future tense,，,meaning“,将；要；应该”,一定会,36,Unit One,The function of an antenna,（天线）,is,to transmit or receive radio waves,.,* We,are to discuss,this point in the next chapter.,* This component,（元件）,is to be chosen,so that the transistor operates linearly,（线性地）,.,37,Unit One,Note,:,If the subject part contains any form of the notional verb “do”, the sign “to” of the infinitive which acts as the predicative may be omitted.,What do is (to),All that do is (to),The best way to do is (to),The only thing we must do is (to),38,Unit One,All we need to do is,measure,the voltage across this resistor.,What we can do is,consider,the input to be a sum of functions,（函数）,.,The best way to do is screen the source.,The only thing he does is turn on the light.,39,Unit One,（,5,）,Attribute,定语,The simple infinitive, when acting as an attribute, can express the idea of a future action or ability, meaning “,将,;,要,;,能”,.,An ohmmeter is a device,to measure resistance,. that can measure resistance,R is the resistance,to be measured,., that will be measured,For writing, you need only to specify the first element,to be written,.,40,Unit One,Four logical relations exist between the infinitive and the noun it modifies.,A.,S-V relation (in either active or passive form) It can be expanded into a relative clause. See the examples above.,41,Unit One,B.,V-O relation,（,in active only,）,It can be expanded into a relative clause.,There are two cases,to consider,. that we shall consider,The number of headers,（标题）,to use,for a program is a function of many factors.,42,Unit One,C.,P-O relation It can also be expanded into a relative clause.,Will you please give me a sheet of paper,to write on,? on which I can write,Each member has a switch,with which to indicate a YES or NO vote,.,Either way, you get a less flexible set of components,out of which to compose systems,.,43,Unit One,D.,Pure modification: in active form in general,（,after quite a few abstract nouns,，,such as “time, purpose, ability, tendency, way, aim, objective, attempt, etc.,）,The ability,to do work,is called energy.,The purpose,to write this book,is to give the reader a brief introduction to electronic computers.,44,Unit One,We call the time,to complete one cycle,the period of the sinusoid,（正弦波）,.,Lets assume that we dont have the freedom,to design the,calculator as a whole,.,45,Unit One,*,Note,: Pay attention the following special type of attribute which is a logical adverbial of purpose.,The,use,of trigonometry,to describe the electrical signal,has proved very valuable for engineers.,46,Unit One,（,6,）,Complement,A net,（净的）,force applied to a body causes it,to be accelerated,（加速）,.,Ordinary matter is said,to be electrically neutral,（中性的）,.,47,Unit One,“,is said” =,被说成；据说；我们说,The science of electronics may be said,to have begun with the discovery of electron tubes.,In this case a language is said,to support a style of programming,.,48,Unit One,Let it be required to develop,（展开）,f,(,x,) into a Fouriers series,（傅氏级数）,.,As for the Functional Block Diagram of the infinitive,，,see page 138 of the course book.,49,Unit One,Mean,与,means,区别,1,。,Mean,动词：意味着形容词：中间的，平均的，小气的,词组：,mean to do,打算、想,mean doing,意味着,By A we mean B,所谓,A,我们指的是,B,By A is meant B,I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.,我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。,To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.,赠加工资意味着增加购买力。,I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.,我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。,To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.,赠加工资意味着增加购买力。,What is meant by atomic energy?,These two terms do not mean the same thing.,By alloy we mean “mixture of metals”.,50,Unit One,2,。,means,n. 1.,手段,方法,;,工具,MG It is all a means to an end.,这只是达到目的的一种手段。,2.,财产,;,财力,;,收入,K He is living beyond his means.,他入不敷出。,51,Unit One,means,是一个单复数同形的名词，并且永远带有尾,-s,。换句话说，在表示“方式”、“方法”时，不存在,mean,这一形式,(mean,主要用作动词，表示“意思是”；也可用作名词，表示“中间”、“中,”),。,by all means,为习语，意为“一定”、“尽一切办法”。顺便说一句，,means,用作主语时，其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较：,All possible means have been tried.,所有可能的办法都已经试过了。,Every possible means has been tried.,每种可能的办法都已经试过了。若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数，其谓语则用单数或复数均可。,52,Unit One,By all means,的意思是“一定”、“无论如何”、“用一切手段”。例：,You must bring him here by all means, 你们一定要设法把他带到这里来。,by any means,用尽各种可能的办法；无论如何：,by means of,使用；由于：,They succeeded by means of patience and sacrifice.,他们靠耐心和牺牲而取得了成功,by no means,并没有；绝不：,This remark by no means should be taken lightly.,这次讲话绝不能等闲视之,53,Unit One,Passage A,1.Or,并列连词,1).,两个名词短语之间，在,or,之前没有逗号时，一般译为：或，或者，表示选择。,Accuracy is expressed as absolute error,or,relative error.,精度可以表示为绝对误差和相对误差。,Gears,（齿轮）,are used to increase,or,decrease the speed of shafts,（转轴）,.,我们用齿轮来增大或减少转轴速度。,54,Unit One,2),表示同位关系，“即，也就是”，也可用于两句之间，表示进一步说明前一句内容，“换句话说，也就是”。,There are three main laws of mechanics,or,three laws of Newton.,力学有三大定律，即牛顿三定律。,Glass and rubber are nonconductors,or,insulators.,玻璃和橡胶是不导电物体,即绝缘体 。,The center, or nucleus, of an atom contains positively charges particles,（粒子）,called protons,（质子）,.,原子的中心部分，即原子核，含有称为质子的带正电粒子。,The greater the,resistivity,（电阻率）, the greater the field,（电场）,needed to establish a given current density,（电流密度）,or,the smaller the current density caused by a given field.,电阻率越大，建立给定电流密度所需电场强度越大，也就是说，给定电场产生的电流密度越小。,55,Unit One,3,）处在两并列句中，,or,前面有逗号，“要不然”，尤其是与,must,，,important,同时出现时,A body must be made to move , or no work will be done.,必须使物体移动，否则便没有做功。,Computers are particularly useful in such systems as telemetry,（遥测）, where signals must be quickly recorded,or,be lost.,计算机在遥测系统里特别有用，在遥测系统里信息必须马上很快记录下来，要不然就会丢失。,56,Unit One,4),A set pattern,Write it down, or,youll forget it.,记下来，不然（否则）你会忘了。,Lay down your arms, or,youll be killed.,57,Unit One,Summary:,meanings:“,或”；“即”；“要不然”；“或者说”,patterns:,general: A,or,B,A, B(,),or,C,A, B, C(,),or,D,emphatic: A,or,B,or,C,or,D,58,Unit One,i,Lesson Three,59,Unit One,2. Complex infinitive,(1)Functions:,S, O,Attri,., Adv., Predicative (Why cant it act as a complement?),For the arithmetic unit,运算单元,to be able to do its required task, it must be told what to do.,In order for the block,（木块）,to slide at constant speed, the net force,（净力）,in the direction of sliding must be zero.,When three forces act they must be concurrent,（共同起作用的）,so as for the body to be in equilibrium,（平衡）,.,The conditions,for this to be true,are as follows.,The ideal was,for C+ to be as close to ANSI C as possible,.,Sometimes the applied scientist finds the “problem”,for the theoretical scientist to work on,.,For the series, therefore,to be convergent,（收敛的）,and represent loge (1 + x),1,x,1.,For reasons to be discussed in Chapter 11, boiling point depends upon the pressure above the liquid. (),60,Unit One,在,Translate the following sentence from Chinese into English:,存在的谐振结构,(resonant structure),越多，离子,(ion),具有的稳定度,(stability),就越高。,Correct the mistake in the sentence which follows:,Pavement is a paved path at the side of a street for people to walk.,61,Unit One,(2)After some abstract nouns (“ability; tendency; ”) it isthe most native speakers habit to use “of” instead of “for.”,Energy is defined as the ability,of a body to do work,.,The desire,of man to control natures forces successfully,has been the catalyst,（“催化剂；刺激因素”）,for progress throughout history.,The capacity,of the modern computer to perform rapid calculations on large complex problems,has resulted in the recent development of computational techniques not considered in the past.,The capability,of a receiver to reproduce a complex waveform faithfully,is very important., This depends on the ability,on the part of,the hearer to make inferences,（作出推断）,.,62,Unit One,3. Nominal infinitive,(1) Formation,what,when,which,so-called interrogative words where + infinitive,whom,whether,how,whyin,generalOn the basis of my observations, the “why” phrase can be used when it is in parallel with other nominal infinitives.,63,Unit One,(2) Translation techniques, “interrogative adverb + infinitive” translated according to the word order,Can you tell me,how to operate the computer,?, “interrogative pronoun + infinitive” or “interrogative pronoun / adverb + other word + infinitive” generally translated according to the order “,Vt.OO.C,. and /or Adv.”,We have now to consider,what path,(,路径,),of integration,(,积分,),to take,.,It is necessary to find,how large to make r,so as for the series to converge.,64,Unit One,(3) Functions - S, O, P, P.O.,Appositive,(specialafter “doubt, idea, question, ”),They may have no idea ,on; of; about; as to,what type of,flip-flop,（触发器）,to employ,.,The author of a library,（程序库）,does not in general have any idea,what to do about run-time errors,.,65,Unit One,66,Unit One,67,Unit One,Thank you!,68,Unit One,