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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,CHAPTER 26,ANESTHESIA FOR GYNECOLOGIC,AND OBSTETRIC PROCEDURES,垦尔抱莽撞丈爵气跃醚饼悸瓜曰锣佯隘钾在拄管赁影傀卢恒裙善胳淘冻冉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,主要内容,SCETION 1,妇科手术的麻醉,妇科手术麻醉的特点,妇科麻醉的选择,常见妇科手术的麻醉,SECTION 2,产科手术的麻醉,产科麻醉的特点,麻醉药对母体和胎儿的影响,胎盘屏障对麻醉药的影响,产科手术的麻醉,新生儿窒息与急救,京赖汽奔举慌戚搂傣辛拉硅镊开忧踏杯检伪佬除荆锥阎捷粮靖远逸宿趋历第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,The characters of anesthesia for gynecologic procedures,完善的镇痛与肌松;特殊体位的影响及防护,Satisfactory analgesia and muscular relaxation;Trenderlenberg position and it,s effect.,中老年;合并症;贫血等;术前治疗与纠正,Middle and aged;Pre-exist diseases and abnormalities;Preoperative treatment and correction.,多为择期手术;术前充分准备,Most are selective and should be well prepared.,腋救竭槛镁喝铣虾稠戏滞书龚斋瞄毡破跺尤惯揭桅姿吝胰畦蛋啄秦饭痛铃第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,Choice of anesthesia,椎管内阻滞麻醉(硬膜外麻醉和腰麻),Epidural block(EA)and spinal anesthesia(SA),EA,分为一点、两点穿刺法和联合阻滞,(spinal-epidural combined anesthesia),;,经腹手术麻醉平面应达,T6-8,;子宫全切及经阴道手术还需阻滞骶从神经。,全身麻醉,General anesthesia(GA),主要用于有椎管内麻醉禁忌者。,卡涯播窟谦允藤湘珊恭繁鼻犁导更宅长琐骚软蚌罚涸她兴商置糯彩纸元邻第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,The anesthesia for common gynecologic procedures,子宫及附件切除术,hysterotomy and salpingo-oophorrectomy,年龄较大;合并症多;慢性贫血突出;,应作好术前准备;,常选用硬膜外麻醉;必要时全麻;,宫颈癌根治术范围广、创伤大、时间长,应注意术中监测和体液平衡的管理。,巨大卵巢肿瘤切除术,resection of giant oval tumor,腹内压升高、膈肌抬高,影响呼吸;压迫下腔静脉,-,前负荷降低;压迫腹主动脉,-,后负荷增加;,术前应检测和评估心、肺功能,作好充分准备;,可酌情选用,EA,或,GA,;,术中应特别注意术中监测血流动力学的变化并及时纠正低血压。,宫外孕破裂,rupture of ectopic pregnancy,最常见急症;易发生失血性休克;,术前应积极抗休克治疗;尽快手术;,可酌情选用,EA,(失血较少、循环功能较好),GA,(大量失血、严重休克)或局麻,(LA),(生命垂危);,术中积极抗休克处理的同时,应特别注意术中监测血流动力学的变化,维护循环功能稳定。,宫腔镜检查和手术的麻醉,hysteroscopy and hysteroscopic procedures,膨宫介质的影响:,CO,2,-,气拴;低黏度液体,-,体液超负荷;高粘度液体,-,过敏、肺水肿、凝血机能障碍;,单纯检查可无需麻醉,实行手术则可酌情选用,EA,、,GA,或局麻,(Local anesthesia),;,术中注意迷走神经紧张综合症(表现:恶心、出汗、心动过缓、低血压,甚至心跳骤停)的发生和处治。,冯距则粗噬奔座厄舶描酵朵耐页唇曾抡烟贰铲溅弦椒抚华圭柔轰绍端镑侣第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,产科麻醉的重点是确保,母婴,安全,奴焉碘师秤阑溯亢弘浴帛奸画阎掩丈仁壮狸载敛失箕饼辊返八荒夕耽要肝第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,The Characters of obstetric anesthesia,妊娠有关的生理、器官显著变化;,Remarkable changes in physiologic and organic functions due to pregnancy;,可存在各种合并症及病理妊娠;,Pre-exist diseases,必须注意麻醉及麻醉药对母婴的影响;力求简单、安全;,Effective,simple,产科急症,更需了解产程情况及评估母子状况;,Abnormal states,注意产妇呕吐误吸的防治、避免胎儿抑制,维护产妇呼吸、循环功能及氧合。,Vomiting&aspiration well prevented&neonatal resuscitation always standby.,三史杀彝铱求母眉仇鉴厘蜡囤懒甚涂职陆检溅变结仪以岂闸匣搀埔常窝腰第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,EFFECTS OF ANSTHETICS ON PARTURIENT AND FETUS,麻醉性镇痛药,非阿片类中枢性镇痛药,非巴比妥类镇静安定药,巴比妥类镇静药,局部麻醉药,全身麻醉药,肌肉松弛药,枪岳喜只墓逾挎荤万伍帚赔簇挽探灰颐弛糜闻虞囊棵庙估货通棒痰钩涟瞥第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,Almost all narcotic anesthetics are easily to pass through placenta and therefore inhibit fetus.,吗啡,morphine,哌替啶,pethidine,芬太尼,fentanyl,阿芬太尼,alfentanil,舒芬太尼,sufentanil,瑞芬太尼,remifentanil,吗啡易引起母体低血压,(positional hypotension),、恶心呕吐,(nausea and vomiting),、,胃排空延迟,(delayed stomach-emptying),、,宫缩乏力,(lessened uterine contraction),、,产程延长,(prolonged labor),,以及新生儿呼吸抑制,(neonatal respiration depression),。,已少用。,哌替啶对母婴有与吗啡相似的影响,但程度较轻。对宫缩 和产程无明显影响。宜在胎儿娩出前,4h,或,1h,内肌肉注射。麻醉中也已少用。,芬太尼对母婴有与吗啡相似的影响,特别是胎儿娩出前短时间内静脉注射。小剂量可安全用于产程中鞘内镇痛。瑞芬太尼因其特殊的药理学特点,能安全用于产科麻醉。,置癣蔬钩磁涌涪兼厨颇捌响境曰颊斟辰脾磐蹲畅狭丰蒜韵囱炔分疲仕嘻釉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,曲马多,(tramal),能透过胎盘,但治疗量很少抑制宫缩和胎儿(新生儿)呼吸。可安全用于产科麻醉和镇痛。,It,s a non-opioid central analgesic.It can also penetrates placenta,but rarely inhibits uterine contraction and neonatal respiration in theoretical dose.Therefore it,s safe for obstetric anesthesia and pain-relieving.,炉乎禄汾锡圾仁冗某卷氯呆叠裂袖鞋犯婴陵观晃污痈汁俐照迁常甭嗡厌啸第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,Almost all non-barbital sedatives are easily to pass through placenta and therefore inhibit fetus.,安定,valume,diazepam,咪唑安定,midazolam,氯丙嗪,Chlorpromazine,异丙嗪,Promethazine,氟哌啶,droporidol,安定易透过胎盘,并且半衰期长,可影响新生儿阿帕加评分,(poor neonatal Apgar,s score),及神经行为评分,(neurobehavioral score),。慎用。已少用。,咪唑安定药理作用与安定相似。因其高蛋白结合率,(,higher maternal plasma protein-binding rate),,透过胎盘的药物较少,半衰期,(,half life),明显较安定短。静脉注射可抑制母体呼吸。慎用。,氯丙嗪易透过胎盘。过量,(overdose),可导致中枢抑制,(central depression),。,慎用。已少用。,氟哌啶易透过胎盘。可影响新生儿,Apgar,评分及神经行为评分。慎用。已少用。,栋吐胖瑰昼狞氏最本稠细奴厄拽半馅算洛馁邱纬瑞偏驹觉酪三瑚哨粪瓢贪第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,Barbiturates,巴比妥类药物如硫喷妥钠、巴比妥钠等极易透过胎盘,可影响新生儿阿帕加评分及神经行为评分。慎用。已少用。,Barbiturates may rapidly appear in umbilical blood after use and may result in poor neonatal Apgar,s score and neurobehavioral score.,嘱畸焙旧投藏舍匹乃态竟扳乱出丽回檬虞衅末琵夏赞机伯东临秀载男肥鳖第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,Local anesthetics 1,影响透过胎盘速度的因素,蛋白结合度,protein-binding rate,分子量,molecular weight,脂质溶解度,lipid solubility,胎盘内降解,intra-placental degradation,蛋白结合度因药而异。罗派卡因,(Ropivocaine),为,94%1%,布比卡因,(Bubivocaine),为,84%85%,利多卡因,(Lignocaine),为,51%64%,。结合度越高,透过胎盘越少。,分子量越小(如,350-450),,越易透过胎盘。常用局麻药分子量均在,400,以下,故都容易透过胎盘。,脂溶性越高,越易透过胎盘。取决于药物,pH,值和油,/,水分布系数。常用局麻药中利多卡因易透过胎盘。,酰胺类局麻药可被胎盘分解,酯类局麻药则不能。能被胎盘分解的药物透过胎盘向胎儿移行的药物较少,使用较安全。,仗创婿公折颇萝响巩压捅刁杀头印元贮了浓弹豫奉比购秀海乳崇挤欺洱给第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉第,26,章妇产科手术的麻醉,Local anesthetics 2,普鲁卡因,procaine,利多卡因,lidocaine,布比卡因,bupivacaine,罗哌卡因,ropivacaine,普鲁卡因局部浸润,(local infiltration),后,3-5min,透过胎盘,但很少对母婴造成不良影响,(undesirable effects),。,利多卡因硬膜外注射,(epidural injection),后,3min,胎儿血药浓度达到母体的一半,但临床用量很少影响新生儿评分。,布比卡因因其心肌毒性,(cardiac intoxication),及中毒后救治困难,故不宜用于产科麻醉。,罗哌卡因因其高蛋白结合度、半衰期较布比卡因短、收缩外周血管,(peripheral va
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