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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,American Realism(1860-1914),I.The Definition of Realism&Historical Background,II.American Realism,III.Mark Twain,IV.,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,(1884),Romanticism,Imagination,fictional,Realism,Reality,true,v.s,3,Realism,In literature,faithful representation of life.Realism carries the conviction of true reports of phenomena observable by others.It may be contrasted with ROMANTICISM,IMPRESSIONISM,and EXPRESSIONISM,which are less true to external phenomena,although each carries its own kind of truth.,Realism is a slippery,(difficult to understand),term,sometimes used too loosely to be of value except as an indicator of a readers reaction.,4,The term realism refers,sometimes,confusingly,both to a literary method based on,detailed accuracy of description,and to a more general attitude that,rejects idealization,escapism,and other extravagant qualities of romance,in favor of recognizing soberly,the actual problems of life,.,5,It is,anti-romantic,and,anti-sentimental,.To put it another way,realism is applied by literary critics in two diverse ways:(1)to designate a recurrent mode of,in various eras and literary forms,of representing human life and experience in literature,and(2)to identify a movement in the writing of novels during the nineteenth century.,6,As a mode of writing,it gives the impression of,recording or reflecting faithfully an actual way of life,of representing life as it really is,.,Realistic fiction is written to give the effect that it,represents life and the social world as it seems to the common reader,evoking the sense that its characters might in fact exist,and such things might well happen,.,It is characterized by,verisimilitude(逼真),of details derived from observation.,7,They offer an,objective,rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience,an objective account of real life.They are,detached observers of life,.The narrators in their work stand back to report what they have observed.The realistic writers are usually,ethical writers,and their,language is largely ironic,.,8,Modern criticism frequently insists that realism is not a direct or simple reproduction of reality(a“slice of life”)but a system of conventions producing a lifelike illusion of some“real”world outside the text,by processes of selection,exclusion,description,and manners of addressing the reader.,9,In its methods and attitudes,realism may be found as an element in,many kinds of writing,prior to the 19th century;but as a dominant literary trend it is associated chiefly with the 19th century novel of,middle-or-lower-class life,in which the problems of,ordinary people,in unremarkable circumstances are rendered with close attention to,the details of physical setting and to the complexities of social life,.,I.The Rise of Realism:Historical Background,“The industrial North had triumphed over the agrarian South,and from that victory came a society based on mass labor and mass consumption.”,“an age of extremes”-“of decline and progress,of poverty and dazzling wealth,of gloom and buoyant hope”,A.The Civil War,B.The Gilded Age,C.Immigrant Booming,The new intercontinental rail system,inaugurated in 1869,and the transcontinental telegraph,which began operating in 1861,gave industry access to materials,markets,and communications.The constant influx of immigrants provided a seemingly endless supply of inexpensive labor as well.,D.Social Problems,Problems of urbanization and industrialization appeared:poor and overcrowded housing,unsanitary conditions,low pay(called wage slavery),difficult working conditions,and inadequate restraints on business.,American Realism,1.American Realism,The American Civil War brought the Romantic Period in American literature to its end,and realism,as a literary movement,came in the latter half of the nineteenth century and became a major trend in the 1870s and 1880s.,16,The three major realistic writers,Mark Twain,William Dean Howells,Henry James,II.American Realism(1860-1914),Broadly defined as the faithful representation of reality or verisimilitude,realism is a literary technique practiced by many schools of writing.Although strictly speaking,realism is a technique,it also denotes a particular kind of subject matter,especially the representation of middle-class life.,A.Realism,B.American Realism,In American literature,the term realism encompasses the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century during which William Dean Howells,Rebecca Harding Davis,Henry James,Mark Twain,and others wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation and an exploration of American lives in various contexts.,C.The Characteristics of American Realism,American realists renders,reality,closely and in comprehensive detail.,b.American realists selectively present the reality with an emphasis on,verisimilitude,even at the expense of a well-made plot.,c.,Character,is more important than action and plot;h
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