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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Ask yourself,What are the symptoms of Colony Collapse Disorder?,What factors do you think causes Colony Collapse Disorder?,Colony Collapse Disorder(CCD),First reported in 2006 with losses of 30-90 percent of hives.,Very low or no adult honey bees present in the hive but with a live queen and no dead honey bee bodies present.Often there is still honey in the hive and brood are present.,Why Should the Public Care About What Happens to Honey Bees?,Bee pollination is responsible for more than$15 billion in increased crop value each year.(1/3 of our food),honey bees are more prolific and easier to manage on a commercial level for pollination of a wide variety of crops.,Almonds in CA require 1.4 million colonies of honey bees for pollination,USDA allotted 20 million dollars for research in 5 years,What causes CCD?,A study in Germany looked at whether a particular type of base station for cordless phones could affect honey bee homing systems.,The media made a connection between CCD and this study.,Stefan Kimmel:no link between our tiny little study and the CCD-phenomenon.Anything else said or written is a lie.,cordless phone radiation?,Many suspects,no smoking gun,No single culprit was identified,A combination of factors was suggested,Four general categories for the cause/causes of CCD,Pathogens,bacteria,virus,fungus.,A higher total pathogen load of viruses and bacteria correlates more directly with CCD than any one specific pathogen.,Parasites,Varroa,mites,Management stressors,transport,Environmental stressors,Impact of pollen/nectar scarcity,lack of diversity in nectar/pollen,availability of only pollen/nectar with low nutritional value,and limited access to water or access only to contaminated water,exposure to pesticides,Healthy brood,蜜蜂病害的症状,腐烂,变色,畸形,“,花子,”,或,“,穿孔,”,“,花子,”,:,幼虫或蛹感病后,逐一被内勤蜂清除拖出巢房,没有染病的幼虫或蛹正常发育并封盖,被清除幼虫或蛹的巢房成为空巢房,或其内贮存蜂蜜,或蜂王又重新在其中产卵,因此在同一封盖子脾的平面上同时出现健康的封盖子、空巢房或卵虫房相间排列的状态。,“,穿孔,”,:,封盖的幼虫或蛹患病死亡后,蜜蜂咬破房盖形成的。,蜜蜂病害的诊断,临床诊断,行为、体态、色泽、气味、尸体,实验室诊断,显微镜检查、分离培养、解剖检查,分子生物学检测,第八章 蜜蜂病敌害及防治技术,Prevention and cure of honeybee diseases,蜜蜂细菌性病害,蜜蜂真菌性病害,蜜蜂病毒性病害,蜜蜂其它传染性病害,蜜蜂非传染性病害,蜜蜂敌害,第一节 蜜蜂细菌性病害,细菌,细菌是一大类个体微小、形态简单、结构略有分化、以裂殖方式繁殖的单细胞原核微生物。细菌细胞的基本构造包括,细胞壁,、细胞膜、细胞浆、合体、核蛋白体和内含物等。,按形态分:球菌、杆菌和螺旋状菌。,革兰氏染色法:革兰氏阳性菌(紫色)和革兰氏阴性菌(红色)。,蜜蜂细菌性病害,美洲幼虫腐臭病,欧洲幼虫腐臭病,蜜蜂败血病,蜜蜂副伤寒病,美洲幼虫腐臭病,(American foulbrood),1.,别名烂子病、臭子病,简称,“,美幼病,”,,多发于西方蜜蜂,尚未见东方蜜蜂发病。,2.,病原:幼虫芽胞杆菌,(,Bacillus larvae,),,具周生鞭毛,能运动,在条件不利时可形成芽孢。,特点:芽孢对外界不良环境的抵抗力极强,在干枯尸体中可存活,7,年,在,0.5%,次氯酸钠中能存活,30-60min,。,幼虫芽胞杆菌,(,Bacillus larvae,),的营养体和芽胞,顽固的恶性传染病,一旦感染很难根除,美洲幼虫腐臭病,(American foulbrood),3,.,症状:,体色由正常的白色变成淡黄色、淡褐色直至黑色;,幼虫大都在封盖后死亡,病死的幼虫表皮薄,一触即破;,尸体腐烂,具有黏性和腥臭味,,挑起可拉丝,尸体干枯后成黑色鳞片状,,紧贴于巢房壁的斜下方,,很难清除。,美洲幼虫腐臭病,(American foulbrood),3,.,症状:,病脾封盖房表面湿润、色暗、油光,房盖下限,不少房盖出现针孔大的小孔,称为,“,穿孔子脾,”,。,封盖子脾上出现空巢房与卵房、幼虫房、封盖房交错在一起,呈,“,花子现象,”,美洲幼虫腐臭病,(American foulbrood),欧洲幼虫腐臭病,(European foulbrood),1.,简称,“,欧洲幼虫病,”,、,“,欧幼病,”,,中蜂和西方蜜蜂都会发病,,中蜂发病比西方蜜蜂严重很多,球菌形态,2.,病原复杂,主要是蜂房蜜蜂球菌,(,Melissococcus,pluton,),,其次是蜂房芽孢杆菌、蜜蜂链球菌、蜂房杆菌等。蜂房蜜蜂球菌不形成芽孢,不耐酸,不运动,厌氧或需微量氧,处于干燥状态时可存活,17,个月,在巢脾和蜂蜜里可存活,1,年左右。,3.,症状:,2,日龄前被感染,封盖前死亡,死亡幼虫初期呈苍白色,逐渐变成黄色、浅褐色,直至深褐色;,虫尸软化,陷塌并于巢房底部腐烂、干枯;,虫尸有酸臭味,无黏性,,不拉丝,,易清除,发病初期出现,“,花子,”,现象,后期只见卵、虫,不见封盖子,欧洲幼虫腐臭病,(European foulbrood),American Foulbrood VS European Foulbrood,美幼病,欧幼病,病原,幼虫芽胞杆菌(抗逆),蜂房蜜蜂球菌等,蜂种,西方蜜蜂,东方蜜蜂比西方蜜蜂严重,症状,死亡幼虫腐烂,体色由白色变成淡黄色、淡褐色,1.,虫尸腥臭,具粘性,可拉丝,难清除,2.,大都在封盖后死亡,有,“,穿孔,”,和,“,花子,”,现象,1.,虫尸无粘性,酸臭,不拉丝,易清除,2.2,日龄感染,封盖前死亡,前期,“,花子,”,,后期见卵、虫,不见封盖子,蜜蜂败血病,成年蜂疾病,由蜜蜂败血杆菌引起,多因采集污水引起,发病率不高。高温、高湿、阴暗、环境不卫生、蜂箱内有污染、饲料质量低劣等能诱发。,蜜蜂副伤寒病,俗称,“,下痢病,”,,是成年蜂病,冬末早春易发,多见于西方蜜蜂,由蜜蜂哈夫尼杆菌(,Enterobacter,hafniae,alvei,),引起,被病蜂污染的饲料和巢脾是副伤寒的主要传染源,越冬饲料不良、放蜂场地潮湿也能诱发此病。患病蜜蜂腹部膨大,体色变暗,行动迟缓,有时还出现肢节麻痹、腹泻等副伤寒的典型症状。病原对外界不良环境的抵抗能力较弱,在沸水中,1-2min,即被杀死。,第二节 蜜蜂真菌性病害,真菌,具有细胞壁和,真正细胞核,,不含叶绿素,营腐生或寄生生活的,真核微生物,。,营养体呈丝状,少数种类为单细胞,菌丝不仅能直接穿透寄主表皮层伸入寄主细胞内吸取营养,而且还能分泌具有破坏性的某些酶和毒素等。,生殖方式有无性繁殖和有性繁殖两种,大都形成孢子作为基本的繁殖结构。,蜜蜂真菌病,蜜蜂白垩病,蜜蜂黄曲霉病,蜜蜂白垩病,Chalk brood disease,垩,:白色土,1.,又称为,“,蜜蜂石灰质病,”,,幼虫病,仅西方蜜蜂患病,2.,病原是,蜜蜂子囊球菌,(,Ascosphaera,apis,)。子实体是球形,由许多子囊组成,每个子囊内有不多于,8,个的子囊孢子。,子囊孢子抗逆性很强,在自然界中可保存,15,年以上。,3,症状,多发生于多雨潮湿、温度变化大的春季和初夏,主要使老熟幼虫或封盖幼虫死亡,约,4,日龄的雄蜂幼虫最易染病;,死亡幼虫失水干缩、变硬,初期体表被白色粉笔样物覆盖,以后渐变成黑色,虫尸很容易从巢房内清除,患病严重的蜂群,可在巢门口附近看到大量的白色或黑色的干尸,蜜蜂白垩病,Chalk brood disease,蜜蜂黄曲霉病,由黄曲霉菌(,Aspergillus,flarus,)引起,被黄曲霉的孢子污染的蜂蜜或花粉是主要的传染源,多发于夏秋多雨季节,仅发生于西方蜜蜂。,分生孢子在幼虫表皮或消化道中萌发,长出的菌丝体穿透表皮或肠壁,造成组织机械损伤,同时分泌黄曲霉素,引起中毒。幼虫患病后,由苍白色变成淡褐色或黄绿色,僵硬如石(,“,蜜蜂结石病,”,或,“,石蜂子,”,),体表长满菌丝和黄绿色孢子。成蜂不安,虚弱,不能飞翔,反应迟钝。,第三节 蜜蜂病毒性病害,病毒,virus,形态微小、非细胞结构、专性的细胞内寄生物,由核酸(,DNA,或,RNA,)外包衣壳蛋白组成。,如,H7N9,,,HIV,蜜蜂病毒,有,20,种,急性麻痹病病毒(,Acute bee paralysis virus,ABPV),黑蜂王台病毒,(Black queen cell virus,BQCV),慢性蜜蜂麻痹病毒,(Chronic bee paralysis virus,CBPV),蜜蜂残翅病毒,(Deformed wing virus,DWV),以色列麻痹病毒,(Israeli acute paralysis virus,IAPV),克什米尔蜜蜂病毒,(Kashmir bee virus,KBV),囊状幼虫病毒,(,Sacbrood,virus,SBV),除了囊状幼虫病毒、慢性蜜蜂麻痹病毒和蜜蜂残翅病毒能够引起可鉴别的临床症状外,大多数蜜蜂病毒的侵染并不产生明显的症状。,除了蜜蜂丝状病毒和蜜蜂虹彩病毒是,DNA,病毒外,其他均为,正义单链,RNA,病毒,,具一个无被膜的二十面体蛋白外壳,归属,仿小核糖核酸病毒目,(,picorna,-like virus),。其中,ABPV,、,BQCV,、,KBV,和,IAPV,归属于双顺反子病毒科,(,Dicistrov
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