Physical-chemistry物理化学专业英语课件

,*,*,Physical chemistry物理化学,Physical chemistry物理化学,Physical Chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the physical and chemical properties of matter,and it is also essential for developing the modern techniques used to determine the structure and properties of matter,such as new synthetic materials and biological macromolecules.,Physical Chemistry is the bran,Chemical thermodynamics(,化学热力学）,Thermodynamics,（,热力学）,Classical thermodynamics,（经典,）,Chemical thermodynamics,(,化学,）,Statistical thermodynamics,(,统计,）,Molecular thermodynamics,(,分子,）,Nonequilibrium thermodynamics,(,非平衡,）,Chemical thermodynamics(化学热力,Thermodynamic parameter,（,热力学参数）,Thermodynamic variable,（,参数）,Thermodynamic equilibrium,（,平衡）,Thermodynamic probability,（,几率）,Thermodynamic temperature,（,温度）,Thermodynamic property,（,性质）,Thermodynamic parameter（热力学参数）,Extensive property,（,广度性质）,volume,weight,heat capacity,（热容,）,internal energy,(,内能,),Intensive property,（,强度性质）,temperature,pressure,density,viscosity,（,粘度）,Extensive property（广度性质）,System,（,系统）,Equilibrium system,（平衡,）,Nonequilibrium system,（非平衡,）,Homogeneous system,（均相,）,Heterogeneous system,（非均相,）,Open system,（敞开,）,Closed system,（封闭,）,Isolated system,（弧立,）,Adiabatic system,（绝热,）,One-compound system,（单组分,）,System（系统）,Surroundings,（环境,）,State,（状态,）,State function,（状态函数,）,Path,（路径,）,Process,（过程,）,Isothermal process,（等温,）,Isobaric process,（等压,）,Isochoric process,（等容,）,Surroundings（环境）,Isenthalpic process,（等焓,）,Isentropic process,（等熵,）,Entropy,（熵,）,Adiabatic process,（绝热,）,Cyclic process,（循环,）,Quasistatic process,（准稳态,）,Reversible process,（可逆,）,Irreversible procesbs,（不可逆,）,Spontaneous process,（自发,）,Nonspotaneous process,（不自发,）,Isenthalpic process（等焓）,Work,:,work is done when an object is moved against an opposing force.it is equivalent to a change in the height of a weight somewhere in the surroundings.,Heat,:,when the energy of a system changes as a result of a temperature difference between it and its surroundings,we say that energy has been transferred as heat.,Energy,:,the energy of a system is its capacity to do work.,Work:work is done when an obj,Diathermic,(,透热的,),adiabatic,(,绝热的,),Exothermic,(,放热的,),endothermic,(,吸热的,),Diathermic(透热的),adiabatic(绝,Work,（功,）,Volume work,（体积功,）,Compression work,（压缩,）,Expansion work,（膨胀,W,e,=nRTlnV,2,/V,1,）,Available work,（有用,）,Maximum work,（最大,）,Adiabatic work,（绝热,）,Electrical work,（电,）,Reversible work,（可逆,）,Surface work,（表面,）,Work（功）,Heat,（热,）,Heat effect,（热 效,）,Hesss law,standard enthalpies,（焓）,of individual reactions can be combined to obtain the enthalpy of another reaction.This application of the first law is called Hesss law:the standard enthalpy of an overall reaction is the sum of the standard enthalpies of the individual reactions into which a reaction may be divided.,Thermochemistry,（热 化学,）,Thermochemistry equationbb,Thermochemistry cycle,Exothermic reaction,（放热反应,）,Endothermic reaction,（吸热反应,）,Heat（热）,Heat of reaction,（反应热,）,Heat of formation,（生成热,）,Heat of combustion,（燃烧热,）,Heat of solution,（溶解热,）,Integral heat of solution,（积分溶解热,）,Differential heat of solution,（微分溶解热,）,Heat of sublimation,（升华热,）,Heat of liquefaction,（液化热,）,Heat of neutralization,（中和热,）,Heat of mixing,（混和热,）,Heat of hydration,（水化热,）,Heat of reaction（反应热）,Heat of fusion,（熔化热,）,Heat of vaporization,（汔化热,）,Heat of dilution,（稀释热,）,Heat capacity C=Q/(T,2,-T,1,),（热容,）,Heat capacity at constant pressure(Cp),（等压热容,）,Heat capacity at constant volume(Cv),（等容热容,）,Molar heat capacity,（摩尔热容,）,Calorimeter,（量热计,）,Calorimetry,（量热法,）,Physical-chemistry物理化学专业英语课件,Energy,（能量,）,Bond energy,（键能,）,Internal energy(U),（内能,）,Molar internal energy,（摩尔内能,）,Law of conservation of energy,（能量守恒定律,）,First law of thermodynamics,（热力学第一定律,）,U=,U,2,-U,1,=Q-W,Energy（能量）,Enthalpy,（焓,）,H=U+pV,p is the pressure of the system and V is its volume.As U,p and V are all state functions,the enthalpy is also a state function.The change of enthalpy,H,between any pair of initial and final states is independent of the path between them.,Enthalpy（焓）H=U+pV,Carnot cycle,（卡诺循环,）,Efficiency of engine,（热机效率,）,Entropy,（熵,）,S=S,B,-S,A,=(Q/T),R,a measure of disorder.,The disorder in a system is called its entropy,S,.A crystal lattice at 0 K has perfect order and therefore zero entropy.The hotter it gets,the more kinetic energy the particles in it have and the more options they have for arranging themselves.,Carnot cycle（卡诺循环）,Physical-chemistry物理化学专业英语课件,Clausius inequality,（克劳修斯不等式,）,Principle of entropy increase,（熵增原理,）,Thermal entropy,（热温熵,）,Configuration entropy,（构象熵,）,Molar entropy,（摩尔熵,）,Statistical entropy,（统计熵,）,Boltzmann equation,（波滋曼方程,）,Boltzmann constant,（波滋曼常数,）,Clausius inequality（克劳修斯不等式）,Gibbs free energy G=H-TS(,吉布斯自由能,),Second law of thermodynamics,（热力学第一定律）,S,I,0 or,S,I,=0,G,T.P,0 or,G,T.P,=0,Standard state,（标准态）,Standard free energy change,（标准自由能变化）,Standard free energy of formation,（标准生成自由能）,deal gas,（理想气体）,Nonideal gas,（非理想气体）,Fugacity,（逸度）,Fugacity coefficient,（逸度系数）,Gibbs free energy G=H-TS(吉布,Electrolyte s