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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2011-10-21,#,Intelligence,智力,Intelligence 智力,1,intelligence,To the layperson,the term usually includes the abilities to reason logically,speak fluently,solve problems,learn efficiently,and display an interest in the world at large,(SieglerSternberg et al.1981),intelligenceTo the layperson,2,intelligence,Although the concept has been the subject of research and theorizing for more than a century,no single definition has been commonly agreed on,and no one measurement tool assesses intelligence to everyones satisfaction.,尽管,研究及推理工作超过一个世纪，但智力仍然很难被定义。一些流派的争论悬而未决,intelligenceAlthough the conce,3,What is intelligence?,One prominent issue:,whether intelligence is a unitary phenomenon or consists of various separate skills and abilities,智力一元论还是多元论（是一种完整、综合的能力，还是由许多独立的因素所构成的）,A second major issue:,the best way to conceptualize intelligence,用什么方式去定义智力,What is intelligence?One promi,4,Psychometric approaches,心理,测量方法,Galton believed people differ in their ability to discriminate among varying physical stimuli.,高,尔顿认为人们辨别不同物理刺激的能力是不同的，先天就有差异,Such differences,according to Galton,are largely innate.,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,5,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,It was Cattell who coined the term mental test.,卡特尔首创“心理测验”这一术语,The first formal inelligence test was created in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Simon.,1905,年比内设计了第一个正式的智力测验,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,6,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,With the Binet-Simon test,the mental testing movement was born,and psychometrics became firmly entrenched as a model for understanding intelligence.,由此，智力测验运动兴起，并且建立了智力的心理测量模型,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,7,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Psychometric models of intelligence are based on the testing of large groups of individuals to quantify differences in abilities.,智力的心理测量模型,基于,团体测验中对能力差异的量化。,The basic assumption,基本,假设是：智力测验中低于平均值或正常水平的人智商低，反之则高。,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,8,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Spearmans Two-Factor Theory,斯皮尔曼两因素说,Intelligence consists of two parts:,g,因素，一般因素，是人的基本心理潜能，是决定一个人能力高低的主要因素。,s,specific knowledge and abilities,是保证人们完成某些特定作业或活动所必须的,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,9,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities,瑟斯顿群因素论,He proposed that the following seven mental abilities are components of intelligence:,(1)visual comprehension,视觉理解力,as measured by vocabulary and reading comprehension tests,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,10,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities,瑟斯顿群因素论,(2)Word fluency,词语流畅性,:,the ability to generate a number of words in a short period of time,(3)Number facility,数字能力,:,the ability to solve arithmetic problems,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,11,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities,瑟斯顿群因素论,(4)Spatial visualization,空间视觉,:,the mental manipulation of geometric forms or symbols,(5)Memory,记忆力,:the ability to recall lists of words,sentences,or pictures,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,12,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities,瑟斯顿群因素论,(6)Reasoning,推理能力,:,the ability to solve analogies or other problems involving formal relations,(7)Perceptual speed,感知速度,:,the ability to recognize symbols rapidly,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,13,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Guilfords Structure-of-Intellect Approach,吉尔福特 三维结构模型,180 factors in intelligence,组合产生,180,种智力,These factors are generated by three elements:,Operations,contents,and products,操作，内容，产品,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,14,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Guilfords Structure-of-Intellect Approach,吉尔福特 三维结构模型,Six operations,mental processes such as memory and divergent production,Five contents,modalities to which intelligence can be applied,Six products,that an individual can master,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,15,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence,流体智力与晶体智力,Fluid intelligence:biologically based mental abilities that are relatively uninfluenced by cultural experiences.,在信息加工和问题解决过程中所表现出来的能力,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,16,Psychometric approaches,心理测量方法,Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence,流体智力与晶体智力,Crystallized intelligence:mental skills derived from cultural experience.,指获得语言、数学等知识的能力，决定于后天学习,Psychometric approaches心理测量方法,17,Information-processing approaches,信息加工方法,Intelligence as Speed of Processing,智力加工速度,Individuals vary in the speed with which,they conduct certain cognitive activities.,个体在完成特定认知活动时加工速度是不同的。,Information-processing approac,18,Information-processing approaches,信息加工方法,Intelligence as Speed of Processing,智力加工速度,Individual differences in visual attention exist from early childhood and reflect variations in the speed of processing visual information,(BornsteinColombo,1993),Information-processing approac,19,Information-processing approaches,信息加工方法,Intelligence as Speed of Processing,智力加工,速度,such individual differences in speed of processing information may be related to intelligence,particularly g,the general intelligence originally described by Spearman,(Jensen,1
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