The Symbolic Power of Money Reminders of Money Alter Social

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The Symbolic Power of Money,Reminders of Money Alter Social Distress and Physical Pain,Xinyue Zhou,Kathleen D.Vohs,and Roy F.Baumeister,Psychological Science,2021,Volume 20Number 6,王假设菡,2021-11-30,What is the psychological meaning of money?,Money is a social resource.,Either money or interpersonal inclusion enables people to obtain what they want from the social system.,money provides a feeling of confidence that problems can be solved and needs can be met,and such confidence,in turn,renders people less likely to care about others approval.,(,Vohs,Mead,&,Goode,2006),Hypothesis,Reminders of money can alter the impact of social events,especially acceptance and rejection.,feeling rejected should increase the desire for money.,thoughts of having money should blunt the pain of being rejected.,thoughts of losing money should increase the pain of rejection.,The link between social and physical pain,Social rejection produced brain responses that resembled responses to physical pain.,(,Eisenberger,Lieberman,&,Williams,2003),Much as money may be linked with social pain,it may be linked with physical pain,because social and physical pain rely on similar mechanisms.,The link between money and physical pain,Money,as an all-purpose social resource,activates a general sense of confidence,strength,and efficacy.,Strong self-efficacy beliefs improve the ability to withstand physical pain,(Litt,1988),and also contribute to interpersonal success,(Wheeler&Ladd,1982),.,Hypothesis,Money is linked to physical pain.,Pain should increase the desire for money.,Thoughts of having money should reduce feelings of pain caused by an external stimulus.,Thoughts of spending or losing money should intensify pain.,EXPERIMENT 1,Hypothesis,If money can substitute for social acceptance,then thwarting the need to belong(via social rejection)should stimulate the desire for money.,Participants,72 undergraduate students at a Chinese university(48 females,24 males),EXPERIMENT 1,Procedure,同性别,4,人一组，先相互了解,5,分钟，然后分别单独作出选择跟同组的哪个人进行后续实验,接纳组：被告知其余,3,人均选了他,拒绝组：被告知其余,3,人均未选他,测量对金钱的渴望,凭记忆在纸上画￥,1,元硬币,愿意永久放弃,7,种美好事物,(sunshine,spring,chocolate,beach),中的哪些来换取一千万元,是否愿意为孤儿院捐款,EXPERIMENT 1,Results,Rejected participants,compared with accepted participants,Drew larger coins,t(70)=3.01,p .01,Expressed willingness to forgo more pleasures in return for money,t(70)=2.08,p .05,Donated less money to the orphanage,t(70)=2.54,p .02.,All three measures were significantly intercorrelated,.33 r .65,EXPERIMENT 2,Hypothesis,Priming the idea of physical pain would activate the desire for money.,Participants,92 undergraduate students at a Chinese university(64 females,28 males),EXPERIMENT 2,Procedure,词汇补笔,启动组：,20,个中性词和,10,个物理痛觉相关词,控制组：,30,个中性词,测量对金钱的渴望,凭记忆选出,10,个￥,1,元硬币图画中与真实大小最相符的,列出除了金钱之外生命中最珍贵的,10,种事物,愿意放弃以上,10,种事物中的哪些来换取一千万元,EXPERIMENT 2,Results,Participants in the pain condition,compared with those in the neutral condition,Estimated coin sizes as significantly larger,t(90)=3.08,p .005,Were willing to trade more valued things for money,t(90)=3.49,p=.001,The two measures were positively correlated,r(90)=.68,p .001.,EXPERIMENT 3,Hypothesis,If money,as a social resource,improves the implicit confidence that problems in general can be solved,then thinking about money ought to reduce suffering from problems,including social exclusion.,Participants,84 undergraduate students at a Chinese university(52 females,32 males),EXPERIMENT 3,Procedure,告知被试要测试其手指灵活性,金钱组：数80张百元钞票,控制组：数80张纸,4人一组传球游戏，实际由计算机控制其余3人,正常组：进行正常的传球,社会排斥组：在10次传球后其余3人不再传球给被试,问卷测量,Southampton Social Self-Esteem Scale,估计自己接了几次球,Positive and Negative Affect SchedulePANAS,EXPERIMENT 3,Results,对接球次数的评估,社会排斥组显著小于正常组,F(1,80),=,1013.33,p,.001,Social distress,Social exclusion increased distress,F(1,80)=18.28,p .001,Counting money led to less distress than counting paper,F(1,80)=9.33,p .005,The interaction between Cyberball condition and counting condition was significant,F(1,80)=4.39,p .05,EXPERIMENT 3,Results,Social distress,Planned comparisons confirmed that counting money instead of paper significantly reduced distress in the exclusion condition,F(1,80)=13.17,p .001,but not in the normal-play condition,F(1,80)1,EXPERIMENT 3,Results,PANAS,No effects of counting or Cyberball condition on overall positive or negative affect,Fs 2.67,Single PANAS Item,strong,Participants who counted money reported feeling stronger(M=3.45,SD=0.67)than those who counted paper(M=2.59,SD=0.86),F(1,80)=25.76,p .001,The main effect of Cyberball condition and the interaction of counting condition and Cyberball condition were not significant,Fs 1,The degree to which participants felt strong correlated inversely with reports of distress regarding the Cyberball game,r(82)=.32,p .01.,EXPERIMENT 4,Hypothesis,Counting money should reduce physical pain,Participants,96 undergraduate students at a Chinese university(60 females,36 males),EXPERIMENT 4,Procedure,告知被试要测试其手指灵活性,金钱组：数,80,张百元钞票,控制组：数,80,张纸,将被试左手固定，食指和中指放入水中,高痛觉组：依次