虚拟语气 (2)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,语气,是表示说话者对动词所表示的动作或状态的态度，是一种动词形式。英语中的语气有三种：,1,陈述语气,（,the Indicative Mood,）,用来陈述一个事实，或提出一个想法，有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形式。,日本东邻中国。,Japan lies to the east of China.,鱼儿,离不开水。,The fish is not alive without water.,2,祈使语气,（,the Imperative Mood,）,用来表示请求、邀请、命令、警告或劝告等。,不要着急。,Dont be worry.,如果他在这儿，他就会同意我的意见。,If he had been here,he would have agreed with me.,我希望我能飞。,(How)I wish I could fly.,3,虚语语气,（,the Subjunctive Mood,）,表示说话人的一种愿望、建议、命令、要求、有时是一种非真实的假设、料想，或是不可能实现的与事实相反的愿望。,If he were here,he would agree with me.,But for/Without,your help,I would have died.,虚拟语气的用法,一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法。,条件句有,真实条件句,和,非真实条件句,两种。,真实条件句,所表的假设是可能发生或实现的。句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用陈述语气。,你,如果把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。,Oil floats if you pour it on water.,假若明年我有钱，我就去日本。,If I have enough money next year,I will go to Japan.,动词的时态,非真实条件句,所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的,条件从句,与,结果主句,皆用,虚拟语气,。,条件从句的谓语形式,主句的谓语形式,与,现在事实相反,If,主语动词,过去式,(did/were),主语,should/would/could/might+,动词原形,与,过去事实相反,If,主语,had,+,动词过去分词,(done/been,),主语,should/would/could/might+,have,+,过去分词,与,将来事实相反,If,主语,should,do/be,或,were to,动词原形,主语,should/would/could/might,do/be,1,表示跟,现在,事实相反,从句的谓语用动词的过去式（,be,的过去式用,were,），,构成,If I,（,we,you,he,they,）,动词过去式的形式；主句的谓语用,would/should/might/could,动词原形。,要是我是你，我就会对他说实话。,If I,were,you,I should,(would,could,might)tell,him the truth.,如果他有时间，他就会（可能）和你去。,If he,had,time,he,would(could,might)go,with you.,要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没有问题了。,If my brother,were,here,everything,would be,all right.,2,与,过去,的事实相反,从句的谓语用,had,过去分词，构成,If I(we,you,he,they),had,过去分词的形式；主句的谓语用,should/would/could/might have,done,如果你仔细一点，这个错误是可以避免的。,If you,had been,more careful,the mistake,might have been avoided.,昨晚如果有时间，我就会来看你的。,If I,had had,time last night,I,should have come,to see you.,假如受过良好的教育，他就不会表现成那样。,He,would never have behaved,like that if he,had got,a good education.,3,与将来事实相反,从句的谓语用,If I(we,you,he,they),动词过去式或,were to do,或,should do,形式，主句谓语用,should/would/could/might,动词原形。,假如他来了，我们对他说什么呢？,If he,were to come,what,should,we,say,to him.,假如他看见我，就会认识我。,If he,should see,me,he,would know,me.,假如我们爬上山顶，我们能有一个好的视野吗？,If we,should climb,to the top of the mountain,could,we,get,a good view?,4 If,从句中若含有,should,had,或者,were,，,那么就可以把它们放在句首，与主语颠倒形成倒装，但动词过去式不可以与主语倒装。,如果他在，他会来帮助我们。,Were,he here,he would come to help us.,假如你刚才在这里，你就会遇见她。,Had,you,been,here just now,you would have met her.,假如我明天看见他，我就会告诉他关于这一切。,Should,I,see,him tomorrow,I would tell him about it.,假如你按照我说的去做，你就会成功了。,Had,you,done,as I told you,you would have succeeded.,5,当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。,如果他早点出发，他现在已到家了。,If he,had set,out earlier,he,would be,home now.,假如我不在，他昨天就不同意来这。,If I,were,not here,he,would not have agreed,to,come here.,假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好的多。,You,would be,much better now if you,had taken,my advice.,6,用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词由,with,without,but for,等。,What would you do,with,a million dollars?=if you had a million dollars,We,couldnt have finished,the work ahead of time,without,your help.(if we hadnt got your help),But for,the rain(=If it hadnt been for the rain),we would have finished the work.,7,含蓄条件句,有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现,if,引导的条件句，而通过其他手段代替条件句。,I was ill that day.,Otherwise,I would have taken part in the sports meet.,（,副词）,He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or,I would have known nothing about it.,（,连词）,A man,who stopped drinking water,would be dead in about seven days.,（,定语从句）,Everything taken into consideration,they would have raised their output quickly.,（,独立主格结构）,二、虚拟语气在,宾语从句,中的用法,1,在动词,wish,后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词,that,。,（,1,）表示对,现在,情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式（,be,动词一般用,were,）。,我希望知道这个问题的答案。,I wish I,knew,the answer to the question.,但愿北京全年是秋天。,I wish it,were,autumn in Beijing all the year around.,她希望仍和祖母住在一起。,She wishes she,were,still living with her grandmother.,（,2,）表示对,过去,情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“,had,过去分词”。,我后悔不该花了那么多钱。,I wish I,hadnt spent,so much money.,他真希望没有失去机会。,He wishes he,had not lost,the chance.,（,3,）表示对,将来,的主观愿望：从句动词形式为“,would,动词原形”。,但愿雨能停止。,I wish it,would stop,raining.,但愿你立刻来。,I wish you,would come,soon.,2,在,一个坚持,（,insist,）,两个命令,（,order,command,）,三个建议,（,suggest,advice,propose,）,四个要求,（,ask,demand request,require,）,等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“,(should),动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令,我建议马上动身。,I,suggest,that we,(should),set off at once.,学生们坚持要多上英语课。,The students,insisted,that they,(should),have more English classes.,3,在主语,would(had)rather,that,宾语从句中，从句谓语用过去式表示虚拟形式。,我倒希望他们和我一起去。,I,would rather,they,went,with me.,三、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。,主语从句是,Its necessary(natural,important,strange,surprising,better,a pity,no wonder),that,时，谓语的虚拟形式用（,should,）,原形动词或,should,have,过去分词来表示。,高中学生掌握一门外语很有必要。,It is necessary that a high school student should master a foreign language.,很,遗憾他居然没有在。,It is a pity that he should be absent today.,我们说话要有礼貌，这是很重要的。,It is important that we should speak politely.,四、虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句的用法。,在,suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice,等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“,should,动词原形”。,My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.,We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseei