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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,British History III,The British Industrial Revolution,It refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18,th,and early 19,th,centuries.,The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because social,political,and legal conditions there were particularly favorable to change.,Property rights,such as those for patents on mechanical improvements,were well established,The British Industrial Revolution,The predictable,stable,rule of law,in Britain meant that monarchs and aristocrats were less likely to arbitrarily seize earnings or impose taxes than they were in many other countries.,Earnings were safer,and ambitious businesspeople could gain wealth,social prestige,and power more easily than could people on the European continent.These factors encouraged,risk taking and investment,in new business ventures,both crucial to economic growth.,Adam Smith,Great Britains government pursued a relatively hands-off economic policy.This free-market approach was made popular through British philosopher and economist Adam Smith and his book The Wealth of Nations(1776).The hands-off policy permitted fresh methods and ideas to flourish with little interference or regulation.,Adam Smith,Adam Smith argued that private competition free from regulation produces and distributes wealth better than government-regulated markets.,Since 1776,when Smith produced his work,his argument has been used to justify capitalism and discourage government intervention in trade and exchange.,Smith believed that private businesses seeking their own interests organize the economy most efficiently,“as if by an invisible hand.”,The British Industrial Revolution,Several industries played key roles in Britains industrialization.,Iron and steel manufacture,the production of steam engines,and textiles,were all powerful influences,as was the rise of a machine-building sector able to spread mechanization to other parts of the economy.,Factors for Industrial Revolution,1)well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;,2)increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies.International trade brought wealth to merchants and new farming methods provided capital for industrialization;,3)the limited monarchy resulted from the glorious revolution ensured the economic groups could exert their influence over government policy;,Factors for Industrial Revolution,4)the main towns were near to seaports and rivers and convenient for the distribution of products;,5)natural resources:rivers useful for transportation and water and steam power;mineral resources;,6)well-trained craftsmen,engineers,7)The inventors were well-respected and they solved practical problems;,8)the Protestant work ethic and principle of laissez faire,Factors for Industrial Revolution,9)England,Scotland and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807(the national market not hindered by internal customs barriers);,10)the enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made contributions by providing food for the population,labor for the factories and raw materials needed by industry.,Four Important Inventions,John Kays flying shuttle in 1733,James Watts steam engine in 1765,James,Hargreavess,spinning jenny in 1766,Richard,Arkwrights,water frame in 1769,James Watt,made vast improvements to the steam engine,making it practical for large-scale industrial use.,In 1764 Watt was given a,Newcomen,steam engine to repair.While working on the engine,he realized that it wasted energy.He eventually introduced a variety of modifications,including a separate cooling chamber for the steam that made the engine much more efficient.,Steam Engine,Harnessing the power of steam marked a significant step in technology.,The introduction of the steam engine led to many new inventions,most notably in transportation and industry.,Models of the steam engine were designed as early as 1690,but it was not until 70 years later that James Watt arrived at the design of the modern steam engine.,Sir Richard,Arkwright,In 1769 British inventor Richard,Arkwright,patented his spinning frame,which spun cotton fiber into thread.,Arkwright,established huge cotton mills that became the models for the factory system of the Industrial Revolution.,Flyer Spinning Frame,Introduced by Richard,Arkwright,in 1769,the flyer spinning frame(also called the,throstle,or roll-drawing machine)reflects the move toward automation that characterized the Industrial Revolution.The machine is powered by the drive wheel at the bottom,drawing out the fiber into thread,then twisting it as it is wound onto the bobbins.,Newcastle upon Tyne,England,Many towns throughout Britain became manufacturing centers during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries.Newcastle upon Tyne,in northeastern England,became important for steel production and shipbuilding.,Textile Mill in Lancashire
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