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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,主体段落拓展,主体段落的结构,开头段（文章总论点）,主体段,分论点1,+,拓展句a+拓展句b,+.,分论点2,+,拓展句c+拓展句d,+.,分论点3,+,拓展句e+拓展句f,+.,结尾段,分论点句,1)Incomplete,sentences,2)Should not be a question,3)Should not contain phrases like“I think”,“In my opinion”,etc.,扩展句,一个段落是由分论点句和扩展句共同构成的。扩展句是对分论点句的延伸或证明。它们之间的关系构成一个段落好坏的关键。,扩展句和分论点之间至少要注意：,第一，意义的一致性相关性(,unity,）,第二，逻辑的连贯性,(coherence),。,注意,所谓的意义的一致性指的是所有的扩展句都必须是分论点的延伸或者证明，它对主题句能起到支持的作用。否则，这样的扩展句就应当删除掉。,但是只有内容上的一致性还不足以保证能写出一个好的段落。在行文过程中作者还要注意各个句子的正确、紧凑安排，也就是要保证意义的连贯性。,拓展过程中经常出现的问题：,而在意义的连贯上，主要毛病是信笔游走，行文没有规矩，或者没有必要的过渡词。,在内容的一致性上，容易犯的错误主要有：,1,）跑题,/,岔题；,2,）重复；,3,）片面；,1,、跑题,The report indicates that,babies of fathers,who,smoke,are likely to be smaller and weaker than babies of non-smoking fathers.,Of course it is already well known that,pregnant women,who smoke can damage the health of their babies.,My sister,smoked twenty cigarettes a day when she was expecting her first child.,Another,worrying point is that,smoking just before,the,start of the pregnancy,can affect the baby later.I heard recently that,certain foods harm,unborn babies.,2,、岔题,The main,school building,contains most of the classrooms.That was our“second home”,the place where my classmates and I worked,studied,and learned for three years.Beyond that is the,science building.,Thats where we did all our laboratory work for chemistry and physics.On the right side of science building is a,library,where there are a large collection of books and periodicals,for us to read,.,Since our teachers,were rich in knowledge and taught us very earnestly,we had always done better than students of other schools in joint examinations.,3,、重复,Watching TV too much is,harmful,to your eyes.,If you stay in front of TV for too long time your eyes might,get hurt,.You will be,near-sighted,.You can,not,see,clearly,when you read.You even,cannot see clearly,a friend when you meet him in street.,4,、片面,Our school is an Army school,so we must obey many rules.,Because of this,，,my house is special in some ways.,First,our house is very clean,have no piece of paper on the ground.Everything in my,house,is neat.Perhaps some other house is dirty,but if,my house,is dirty we would be punished and forced to clean it.,拓展的主要方法：,一、列举法（Listing）,二、举例法（Exemplification）,三、分类法（Classification）,四、比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）,五、因果法（Cause and Effect）,列举法（,Listing,）,也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。,列举法作文例子,To get the most out of your textbook you should follow several steps very carefully.,First,you should,make a preliminary survey,of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains.,Second,you should read for,deeper understanding and formulate questions,as you read.,Next,make notes,of the major point of each chapter.,Then,test yourself,to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in examinations.,Finally,review your notes,and reread any parts of the book,that are unclear,to you.,常用于列举法的过渡连接词,first,second,third,etc.;,in the first place,in the second place;first of all,first and foremost;to begin with,to start with;for one thing,for another;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,in addition,what is more;above all;next;beyond that;initially;,eventually,last but not least.,举例法（,Exemplification,）,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：,列举法,侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而,举例法,侧重通过举出,典型事例,来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。,举例法作文例子,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.,For example,those who enjoy competitive sports may take up,ball games,.,For another example,if they prefer to exercise alone,they can,have a run or take a walk,in the morning or in the evening.,Besides,people can,go swimming,in the summer and go skating in the winter.In short,no matter what their interests are,people can always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.,方法1：,举例+结果/影响,A sedentary（久坐的，静态的）lifestyle may lead to some physical hazards.,（分论点）,Evidence shows that in Shanghai over 30 percent teenagers are suffering from,obesity,or,near-sightedness.（举例）,Hence,their further studies or future careers might be negatively affected.,（结果）,Children exposed to too much screen time would show signs of severe addiction or long-lasting isolation.,（分论点）For instance,many TV programs like cartoons or comedies often provide laughter and joy for the kids while most video games portray virtual stories full of adventure and fantasy.,（举例）,As a result,some teenagers may become unwilling to engage in any healthy outdoor activities.,（影响）,方法1：,举例+结果/影响,举例法中常见的过渡性词语,for example,for instance,as an example,as an illustration,such as/such,a case in point is,to illustrate,in particular,specifically,say,next,namely,that is,like,take as an example,etc.,病例分析,Population control is a fundamental policy in China.If the country is,overcrowded,too much,the government has to spend more money than they can afford to support them;,Overcrowded,the country may seek more land to support its people,th
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