倒装功能汇总课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,.TheFunctionsofInversion,.TheFunctionsofInversion,1,Focus-making,Onthesentence-level,focus,traditionallyreferstotheelementthatcarriesthenewest“mostimportantorsalientinformation”(Diketal.1983)asdifferentfrom“theinformationinthesentencethatisassumedbythespeakertobesharedbyhimandthehearer”(Jackendoff,1983),Theunmarkedinformationfocus,ofasentenceisusuallyidentifiedwithsentence-finalposition,while,amarkedfocus,requiresspecialorsyntacticeffort,withoperationsthataffectthelinearorder,andthereforethethematicinformationstructureofasentence.,Focus-makingOnthesentence-le,2,Informationstructureisencodedbymeansofwordordervariation.,“an,inversion,expresseshowthespeakerintendstoinstructthereaderabouthisorher,currentfocusofattention,oraboutthe,emphasis,tobeattachedtoindividualdiscourseitems”(Dorgeloh,1997).,Informationstructureisencod,3,Whensomeoftheconstituentsarefronted,thesubjectattheendofthesentencecanbeemphasized,as,thefinalpositioncarriesprominentinformationaswellastheinitialposition.,Theoldinformationisoftenpriortothenewinformationsoastoarousethecuriosityofthereaderorthehearertoreadonorlistenon.,Ifthe,subject,carriesnewinformationorinformationfocus,inversion,ismoreoftenemployedtoputitatthefinalposition,emphatically,.,Suchinversionwillhelpachieve,endfocus,sothat,prominence,isgiventotheinformationattheendofthesentencewiththe,previous,partcreating,suspense,toaddforcetothe,artisticeffect,.Forexample:,Whensomeoftheconstituents,4,Outofthebosomoftheair,Outoftheclouds-foldsofhergarmentsshaken,Overthewoodlandsbrownandbare,Overtheharvest-fieldsforsaken,Silent,andsoft,andslow,Descendsthesnow.,（Longfellow:Snow）,Outofthebosomoftheair,5,Injournalismorliterature,inversionisusedtocreatesuspenseforemphaticpurpose.,Inthispoem,Longfellowiscreativeintheuseofinversion,giving,sevenadverbials,successivelywithoutmentioningthesubjectandthepredicateandthus,keepingthereaderinsuspense,.Onlyafterfinishingthewholestanzacanthereaderhavearudeawakeningtothethemeand,focus,ofthepoem:snow.,Injournalismorliterature,6,For,emphasizing,Fronting,is amajormeansof,emphasizing,that is,placingthesentenceconstituentstotheinitialpositionsothatitreceivesemphasis.Thespeakerorthewriterinitializestheimportantconstituents,objects,predicativesoradverbials,followedbyinversions,which,withtheirprominentpositionatthefront,attractstheattentionofthehearerorthereader,.,For emphasizing,7,(1)Emphasisonadverbials,Tobeemphaticisthemostprominentandcommonrhetoriceffectofinversion.,(a)Only+adverb/prepositionalphrase/adverbialclause,(1)Emphasisonadverbials,8,1).Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.,2).Onlythroughsheerluckdidhemanagetogetsometickets.,3).Onlyafterthelasttreehasbeencut.,1).Onlyyesterdaydidhefind,9,(b)Negativeadverbsandadverbialphrases,BillClintonhadhisseasonofLewinsky.RichardNixonhadWatergate.But,rarely,hasamajorpoliticianenduredsuchaspellofrelentlessday-to-dayugly.,(b)Negativeadverbsandadver,10,(c)Adverbialofmannerorfrequency,GladlywouldIpaymoreifIcouldgetbetterservice.,Tosuchlengthdidshegoinrehearsalthatthetwoactorswalkedout.,(c)Adverbialofmannerorfre,11,(2)Emphasisonpredicative,Sweetwasthatevening.,Starvedandtiredenoughwasthehomelesschild.,(2)Emphasisonpredicative,12,(,3)Emphasisonobjects,NotasingleworddidPiggottspeak.,Intheexample,notasinglewordisfirstspottedbythereaderandisthusthemostemphaticinformationinthesentence.,(3)Emphasisonobjects,13,(4)Emphasisonpredicate,Whenthepredicateiscomposedofauxiliaryand,verb,themainverbcanbe placedintheinitial,positionofthesentencetoemphasizetheaction.,Echoedthehills.,Camethedawn.,Camefrightfuldaysofsnowandrain.,(4)Emphasisonpredicate,14,.TheFunctionsofInversion,Depiction,(a graphic or vivid verbal description),Someminorconstituents,anonomatopoeiaorprepositionaladverbsuchas,up,down,in,out,off,and,away,arefrontedtotheinitialpositiontodepictthesceneoractionmorevividly.,.TheFunctionsofInversionD,15,Crackwentthegunandthehawkcrumpledoutofthesky.,Bangwentthefireworks.,Rap,rap,rap,cametheknocksonthedoor.,Crashcameabaseballthroughthewindow.,Basically,anonomatopoeiaisawordwhichimitatesanoiseoraction,Crackwentthegunandtheh,16,.TheFunctionsofInversion,四.,Syntacticfunction,Inversionforendweight,Inversioninvolvestheshiftofsomesentenceconstituentstotheinitialpositionsothattheverborauxiliaryprecedesthesubject.,Inthecaseofalengthysubject,inversionisaneffectivemeanstoplacethecomplexconstituentstotheendofthesentencetoconformtotheprincipleofendweight.,Thesubjectiscomplexwhenitisanounphrasepost-modifiedbyparticiples,eitherpastorpresent,byrelativeclauses,orbyprepositionalphrases.,Forexample:,.TheFunctionsofInversion,17,1.)Withthelasthoursoftheafternoonwentherhopes,hercourage,andherstrength.,2.)Butwithhighgrowthcomehighrisks,includingdramaticboomsandbusts,politicalinstabilityandworse.,3).Happyishewhodedicateshislifetotheemancipationofallmankind.,InversionhastobeusedinalltheseexamplesasotherwisetheywillbeunbalancedsentenceinEnglish,withalengthysubjectascomparedtoasimplepredicate.,1.)Withthelastho