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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The Argumentative Essay,1,The Argumentative Essay1,.Main communicative purposes of the argumentative essay:,To convince or persuade,to agree with an opinion;,to defend an opinion;,to attack an opinion you believe to be misguiding,untrue,or evil,2,.Main communicative purposes,.Basic features,The argumentative essay must,take a controversial issue,for an open debate,i.e.,the issue must be,arguable,;,The argument cannot be,general belief;,personal preference;,or fact,3,.Basic features 3,Two sides are generally involved:,proponent,s,(those in favor of the issue)and,opponents,(those against the issue);,The,thesis,must,take a side of an issue,and frequently proposes a course of action;,The argumentative essay are,highly persuasive and logical,(often expressed with the modal“,should,”);,Good logic,is the heart of the argumentative essay.,4,Two sides are generally involv,.,Strategies for,logical persuasion,Be fully aware of your audience or reader;,As the purpose of an argumentative essay is to convince the reader of your position,you should address your reader by,writing objectively,logically,and respectfully,.,5,.Strategies for logical pers,Try to identify and understand,your opponents point of view,You,cannot just present your own opinion,in argumentation.This can never convince the reader.,You have,to consider the point of view of your opponents,.,6,Try to identify and understand,3.Use two forms of logical reasoning:,induction,and,deduction,.,Induction,（归纳）,:the process of,reasoning,from the particular details to the general conclusion,.It involves examining particular details such as specific cases,facts,or examples.The conclusion is,made based on the evidence,coming from the specific details.,7,3.Use two forms of logical re,Deduction,（演绎）,:the process of,reasoning from the general to the specific,.It begins with a generalization and is applied in a specific case.The,conclusion is drawn based on a generalization,.,8,Deduction（演绎）:the process of,Deduction involves,a,three-step form,of reasoning called,Syllogism,（三段论）,:,Major Premise,(the initial generalization),Minor Premise,(the specific case),and,Conclusion,(the resulting statement).,This three-step form can be illustrated as follows:,Major Premise:,Dogs bark.,Minor Premise:,Little Brown is a dog.,Conclusion:,Therefore,Little Brown barks.,9,Deduction involves a three-,To be more specific,the major premise is,a generalization,that you and your reader can,both agree on,whether it is a generally accepted statement or whether you have already proved it earlier in the argument.,The minor premise is,the part that,you need to prove in your argument,.,10,To be more specific,10,e.g.If the issue is about,nuclear power plant construction,you may take the three-step form of reasoning like this:,Major premise:,Only safe sources of energy should be developed.,Minor premise:,Nuclear power plants are safe sources of energy.,Conclusion:,Therefore,nuclear power plants should be constructed.,（,Notice:Some complex issues require,more than one premise,to be proved.),11,e.g.If the issue is about,To,avoid being illogical,in this reasoning process,you need to keep the following points in mind:,The major premise and the minor premise must be true,if the conclusion is to be valid;,e.g.,All people like to suffer,.(MaP),Jonny is a person.(MiP),Jonny likes to suffer.(C),The above reasoning process appears,illogical,since the major premise is not based on the truth.,12,To avoid being illogical in,The major premise and the minor premise must be set up to,follow the correct logical order,;,T,he correct logical order is as follows:,A=B All automobiles have wheels.,C=A Honda is an automobile.,C=B Therefore,Honda has wheels.,13,The major premise and the mino,An,incorrect logical order,is as follows:,All A=B All automobiles have wheels.,C=B,Honda has wheels,.,C=A Therefore,Honda is automobile.,(Such an illogical order,makes the conclusion invalid,for Honda might be a motorcycle or a wagon.),14,An incorrect logical order i,The terms,in one premise,must be used the same way,in the other premise.,Look at the following examples:,Some vegetarians,eat eggs.,John is a vegetarian.,John eats eggs.,All Americans speak English.,Mary is,a South American,.,Mary speaks English.,15,The terms in one premise must,.Planning an argumentative essay,When you plan an argumentative essay,keep in mind the following points:,The argumentative essay should,introduce and explain the issue or case,;,The
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