京杭大运河中英对照

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,制作：陈依,讲解：郭菁,京杭大运河,The,Grand Canal,简介 introduction,The beijing-hangzhou grand canal,also known as The grand canal,is The ancient China,is also The worlds longest canal,and The Great Wall,Karez and known as The three Great project in ancient China,and use up to now,is Chinas ancient working people create a Great project,is one of The symbols of Chinese culture status.,N,orth,from Beijing,south to hangzhou,flows through tianjin,hebei,shandong,jiangsu and zhejiang,four provinces and one city of haihe river,the Yellow River,huai river,the Yangtze river and the qiantang river five drainage,total length of 1794 km.,简介 introduction,京杭大运河，又称京杭运河或大运河，是中国、也是世界上最长的古代运河，与长城,(The Great Wall),、坎儿井,(Karez),并称为中国古代的三项伟大工程，并且使用至今，是中国古代劳动人民创造的一项伟大工程，是中国文化地位的象征之一。运河北起北京，南至杭州，流经天津、河北、山东、江苏和浙江四省一市，沟通海河、黄河、淮河、长江和钱塘江五大水系，全长1794公里。,长城,航拍张家口,The Great Wall,坎儿井The system of water transfusion Kariz,Karez is the meaning of well point,was recorded in the historical records,well drainage,he said while xinjiang uygur language called snag transcribing.Karez desert region is a special irrigation systems,common in turpan,xinjiang region,and the Great Wall,the beijing-hangzhou grand canal and is called three big project in ancient China.The karez turpan total of more than 1100,about 5000 km.Karez is largely by the shaft,ground,underground channels channels and dalaoba(small reservoirs)of four parts,turpan basin in the north of bogurda mountain and kara wu mountain,in the west of the spring and summer season have a lot of snow and rain down the valley,into the gobi desert.People using the slope of the mountain,cleverly created karez,led underground current irrigation farmland.,坎儿井The system of water transfusion Kariz,坎儿井是“井穴”的意思，早在史记中便有记载，时称“井渠”，而新疆维吾尔语则称之为“坎儿孜”。坎儿井是荒漠地区一特殊灌溉系统，普遍于中国新疆吐鲁番地区，与万里长城、京杭大运河并称为中国古代三大工程。吐鲁番的坎儿井总数达1100多条，全长约5000公里。坎儿井大体上是由竖井、地下渠道、地面渠道和“涝坝”（小型蓄水池）四部分组成，吐鲁番盆地北部的博格达山和西部 的喀拉乌成山，春夏时节有大量积雪和雨水流下山谷，潜入戈壁滩下。人们利用山的坡度，巧妙地创造了坎儿井，引地下潜流灌溉农田。,世界之最,The longest,The beijing-hangzhou grand canal,1794 km,is Chinas second only to the Yangtze river golden waterway,the par value of the Great Wall.It is digging in the world the earliest artificial river,the longest length,length of the Suez Canal(190 kilometers)of 9 times,the panama canal(81.3 km)of 22 times.,世界之最,The longest,京杭大运河全长1794千米，是中国仅次于长江的第二条“黄金水道”，价值堪比长城。它是世界上开凿最早、长度最长的一条人工河道，长为苏伊士运河（190千米）的9倍，巴拿马运河（81.3千米）的22倍。,历史发展 Historical development,第一期运河：,运河的萌芽时期。春秋吴王夫差十年(公元前486)在扬州开凿邗沟，以通江淮。至战国时代又先后开凿了大沟(从今河南省原阳县北引黄河南下,注入今郑州市以东的圃田泽)和鸿沟,从而把江、淮、河、济四水沟通起来,第二期运河：,主要指隋代的运河系统。以东都洛阳为中心，于大业元年(605)开凿通济渠,直接沟通黄河与淮河的交通。并改造邗沟和江南运河。三年又开凿永济渠，北通涿郡。连同公元584年开凿的广通渠,形成多枝形运河系统。到隋炀帝时，为了加强中央集权和南粮北运，开凿京淮段至长江以南的运河，全长2700多公里。,第三期运河：,主要指元、明、清阶段。元代开凿的重点段一是山东境内泗水至卫河段，一是大都至通州段。至元（元世祖忽必烈年号）十八年(公元1281年)开济州河,从任城(济宁市)至须城（东平县）安山,长75公里；至元二十六年(1289)开会通河,从安山西南开渠,由寿张西北至临清，长125公里；至元二十九年(1292)开通惠河,引京西昌平诸水入大都城，东出至通州入白河，长25公里；至元三十年(1293)元代大运河全线通航，漕船可由杭州直达大都，成为今京杭运河的前身。,历史价值 historical value,号称中国仅次于长江的第二条“黄金水道”，其重要性自然不言而喻。如马可波罗游记中记载，他沿京杭大运河南行，辗转于苏杭，最终抵达刺桐港（福建泉州）。运河每一个城镇都能从他的游记中找到赞美：将陵（德州）运河上南北运输商品极多，最多的是丝、香料。济宁商业手工业很发达，“船只多得令人难以相信”。徐州、邳州、清口、淮安商工农业都极发达，淮安的货运可以通到40多个城市。宝应、高邮、扬州都是商业手工业为主的城市，很繁华。真州（仪征）是运河通江口岸之一。长江上每年有20万艘船航行，每船载重约50万-150万斤。真州是盐、木料、麻等商品集散地。瓜州以工商业为主，产丝织品和农产品。苏州是最大的工商业城市，杭州最繁华，“商人如此之多和如此之富，难以言语形容。”,历史价值 historical value,在社会领域，随着制度的完善和规模的扩大，漕运逐渐突破其早期以政治功能为主体的窠臼，发挥着越来越广泛的社会功能，成为维护王朝稳定和制衡社会的重要手段。尤其是古代社会中后期，统治者熟练而频繁地利用漕运进行社会制衡与调控，消弭诸如重赋、灾祸以及物价波动等造成的社会不安定因素。其突出的社会功能有二：一是籴与粜，二是赈济灾荒。,大运河的开掘加强南北交通和交流，巩固中央政府对全国的统治，加强对江南地区的经济建设，促进了中原文化和南方文化相融合，并且方便南粮北运。漕运之便，泽被沿运河两岸，不少城市因之而兴，积淀了深厚独特的历史文化底蕴。,现状Status quo,The flow of the grand canal,water and storage conditions in paragraphs are not the same,is very complex,flow to the overall summarized as four nodes,two kinds of flow:node 1 HuiHe,north of tianjin haihe river)north canal south flow;Between node 1 and node 2 dongping lake south canal,lubei canal to the north;Node 2 and 3 of the Yangtze river,qingjiang)between the great canal,the canal,the current situation to the south flow;Node 3 and 4 danyang between of the south of the Yangtze river flows to the north;River south of danyang(jiangnan canal)to the south.,现状Status quo,京杭运河的流向、水源和排蓄条件在各段均不相同，非常复杂，流向总体概括为四个节点、两种流向：节点1天津（海河）以北的通惠河、北运河向南流；节点1与节点2东平湖之间的南运河、鲁北运河向北流；节点2与节点3长江（清江）之间的鲁南运河、中运河、里运河向南流；节点3与节点4长江以南的丹阳之间河段向北流；丹阳以南河段（江南运河）向南流。,现状Status quo,The worlds oldest and longest mileage artificial canal,the beijing-hangzhou grand canal,is now will shoulder the south-north water diversion project in China.Remarkable argument after decades of south-to-north water diversion project planning in China,according to the plan,the eastern route will use the old the beijing-hangzhou grand canal as the main channel of the Yangtze river site to send.The east for the first phase of the static investment of 32 billion yuan,the time limit for a project for five years,mainly through the beijing-hangzhou grand canal to shandong and jiangsu provinces on water supply,engineering scale pumping river water an average o