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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Unit 12,Religion and Philosophy,Text A Religions in China,导读：中国是个多宗教的国家。中国宗教徒信奉的主要有佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教，其中佛教和道教的历史源远流长，并对中华文化产生了重要的影响。佛道的融合是中国五千年历史的瑰宝。是中国文化的精髓。道家是中国外乡教派，它的成长见证着中国的成长。而中国文字文化的精髓却也离不开佛教的解读，是他们用行动和文字影响了一代又一代的中国人。,Major religions in China are Buddhism,Daoism,Islam and Christianity,incl,uding Catholicism and Protestantism.,Among these,Buddhism and Daoism have the longest history and have exerted the greatest influence on Chinese culture,historically as well as contemporaneously.,Followers of different religions have both national and local organizations in China.,The local organizations of different religions also handle their own affairs independently,publish their own journals,and maintain their own religious institutes of higher learning to train new staff and researchers.In accordance with the relevant stipulations in China,s Constitution,religious personages have been elected to the People,s Congresses and the Chinese People,s Political Consultative Conferences at all levels to deliberate on issues concerning national affairs and help to ensure the proper implementation of the policy of freedom of religious beliefs.This contributes great deal to the stability and unity of the country.,The state policy on religion has helped to increase the scope of contacts with people of other countries.The past 20 years saw the frequent exchanges between religious circle in China and their counterparts abroad,thus increasing mutual understanding and friendship.,Chinese Buddhism,Chinese Buddhismrefers collectively to the various schools ofBuddhismthat have flourished inChinasince ancient times.Buddhism has played an enormous role in shaping the mindset of the Chinese people,affecting their aesthetics,politics,literature,philosophy andmedicine.,Taoism,The Chinese word,Tao,(or,Dao,)is usually translated as way,path or principle,although this usage takes its meaning from reality or nature,which the word Tao can also mean.The proper path in life,says Taoism,is one that works in harmony with reality,the essence of the natural universe.,Beliefs,Taoist beliefs include teachings based on revelations from various sources.Therefore,different branches of Taoism often have differing beliefs,especially concerning nature.Nevertheless,there are certain core beliefs that nearly all the sects share.These,relate to the symbology of the,Tai Chi,or,Yin Yang,symbol,and the notion of,wu-wei,(action through inaction),which seek to balance,yin,and,yang,at every opportunity.Generally speaking,Taoists believe in embodiment and pragmatism,engaging practice to,actualize the natural order within them.Also,they believe that life should be peaceful and filled with joy.,Text B Lao Zi and His Philosophy,导读：老子是我国春秋时期伟大的思想家、哲学家，道家学派的创始人。老子是当之无愧的中国哲学之父，中国哲学的一些根本概念，如“道、“德、“有、“无等等，都是老子提出的。?老子?一书虽然只有五千余字，却包含一个较为完整的哲学体系。老子丰富的思想体系对自然、社会和人生都有许多深入、准确的洞察，具有深刻的理论品质，蕴藏着许多理论生长点。老子“道法自然的思想的智慧对于解决现代人类所面临的种种问题具有启迪意义。现代中国文化和社会的开展，仍需要借鉴老子的思想。,The Life of Lao Zi,There is little solid information remaining on the life of Lao Zi,also known as Lao Dan.According to Records of the Historian written by Sima Qianin about100 B.C.,Lao Zi was a native of the state of Chu in the late Spring and Autumn Period 722-481 B.C.His family name was Li and his proper name Er.,The philosophy of Lao Zi,The philosophy of Lao Zi,whose teachings later became the core of Daoism,was created out of the same social climate as that of Confucius,but he reacted quite differently to it.,The years from the late 8th century to the early 5th century B.C.,now known as the Spring and Autumn Period,were indeed a time that tried mens souls.The old centralized authority of the Western Zhou Dynasty which had held the country together since the 11th century B.C.had disintegrated and dukes under it had become“strong men rivaling each other for hegemony.,Lao Zi reacted to the chaos of the age by propounding a philosophy for turning away from it.Next to Confucianism,the Daoist school founded by Lao Zi is undoubtedly the most important and influential Chinese philosophy.No other doctrine of the ancient period except Confucianism h,as for so long maintained its vigor and attractiveness to the Chinese mind.In many ways the doctrines of Confucianism and Daoism complement each other,running side by side like two powerful streams through all later Chinese thought and literature,appealing simultaneously to two sides of the Chinese character.,In politics,the Daoists believed that rulers should govern by doing nothing.They were strongly opposed to any type of active politics,such as following benevolence and righteousness,observing rites or respecting virtuous individuals.Lao Zi admonished the ruling class not to manipulate the people,but to let them do as they like.,Concerning life,The Classic of the Way and Its power conclude that one should remain in weak;eventually the weak will overcome the strong,and the yielding will overcome the unyielding.The book said,“Of all
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