文化问题与翻译课件

Haga clic para cambiar el estilo de ttulo,Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto del patrn,Segundo nivel,Tercer nivel,Cuarto nivel,Quinto nivel,*,文化问题翻译,文化问题翻译,一、文化与翻译的关系,二、文化差异的体现,三、文化差异在翻译中的处理,翻译与文化的关系,美国翻译理论家尤金,奈达在,(Toward a Science of Translation),中明确指出，“实际上，对一个译者来说，由文化差异引起的问题比语言结构差异引起的问题要多而且更为复杂。,”,文化差异的体现,中国人,：含蓄，感情不外露，谦虚，,英美人,：简洁，直接，表情丰富，自信,中西方人民性格差异,Yes,I can!,In the US,more independentknow what to do plan carefully,In China,Parents prepare everything,we accept without any doubt,教育方式的不同,Yelling,at them and using,physical punishment.,By Telling them,stories,and,playing,with them.To let them learn right from wrong?,英国：,Temperate Maritime Climate,温带海洋性气候,雪莱,：,Ode To The West Wind,西风颂,莎士比亚,：,Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day?,Im all at sea,(,我不知所云，感到茫然,),中国：,Temperate Monsoon Climate,温带季风气候,紫气东来,东风不与周郎便，铜雀春深锁二乔。,“泾渭分明”、“跳到黄河洗不清”,地理位置与气候差异,饮食差异,西方：,cast ones,bread,upon the waters,做好事不求回报,earn ones,bread,赚钱糊口,drink like a,fish,豪饮,中国：,鱼,米,之乡,生,米,煮成熟饭,不为五斗,米,折腰,柴米油盐酱醋茶,中国,:,狐假虎威,龙潭虎穴,狗嘴里吐不出象牙,西方：,A lucky dog,Please ones head in the lions mouth.,Love me,love my dog.,社会习俗差异,中国：,龙,象征中华民族，华夏民族是炎黄子孙,God,knows!My,god,!,God,helps those who help themselves.,中国,：,菩萨,保佑,借花献,佛,放下屠刀，立地成,佛,宗教信仰差异,西方：,泰山压顶不弯腰,只许州官放火不许百姓点灯,三个臭皮匠赛过诸葛亮,历史背景差异,中国：,Art is long,life is short.,生有涯而知无涯。,（源自拉丁语）,Two dogs over one bone seldom agree.,大难当前难同心。,(,源自法语）,Pandoras box.,潘多拉盒子,（源于希腊）,Uncle Sam,山姆大叔,John Bull,约翰牛,英国与美国：,文化差异在翻译过程中的具体处理策略,一、翻译中的归化与异化,归化,以目的语或译文读者为归宿，实现其本土化。,异化,以源语或原文读者为归宿，保持其异国情调。,归化的例子：,lead a dogs life,过着牛马一样的生活,cry up wine and sell vinegar,挂羊头，买狗肉,kill the goose that lays the golden eggs,杀鸡取卵,drink like a fish,牛饮,Once the wife of a parson,always the wife of parson(,教士；牧师）,嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。,as dumb as an oyster,守口如瓶,at a stones throw,一箭之遥,异化的例子：,象牙塔,ivory tower,武装到牙齿,armed to teeth,纸老虎,paper tiger,扣头,kowtow,功夫,kung fu,炒面,chew main,二、具体的翻译策略,1.,音译、直译加注,音译、直译加注常常被用来翻译具有,特殊文化内涵的谚语,，例如：,Electra Complex,：厄勒（伊拉）克特拉情结,恋父情结,，源自希腊神话中厄勒克特拉的故事，因母亲和其情人谋杀了她的父亲，故决心为父报仇，最终她与其兄弟杀死了自己的母亲。,“司马昭之心，路人皆知”译为：,The Sima Zhao trick is so obvious to everyman in the street.(,Sima Zhao,:a prime minister of Wei(220-265)who nursed a secret ambition to usurp the throne.,）,英语谚语的翻译也采用类似的方法，比如，,The man who carries coal to Newcastle will pour water on a drowned mouse.,运煤到纽卡索去的人好比往淹死的老鼠身上泼水,多次一举,。（,注：纽卡索,英国著名产煤区。,）,同时，音译、直译加注也可用在小说、戏剧中，例如：,腊月二十三封箱，把“,祖师爷,”请到前台去，后台冷冷清清，演员们就更辛苦了，要等到年初一开戏了，才能挣到钱。（选自,新凤霞回忆,）,“祖师爷”可以按照字面的意思译为“,patron saint of actor,”,但应加脚注来说明细节。,This was said to be the Tang emperor Minghuang,who founded the Pear Garden Company of actors.An altar for him was kept backstage,but moved to the front stage when the theater closed.,由于民族文化存在差异性，各个民族往往会采用,不同的意向来表达相同的意义,。例如：,He was born with a sliver spoon in his mouth.,他生于富贵之家。,一国三公（喻管事的人太多反而把事情弄糟）,many cooks spoil the broth.(,或厨师太多难做汤）,化蛇添足,to put a fifth wheel to the coach,to spend money like water,挥金如土,2,、代换法,例如：,雨后春笋 往往指好的事物，具有很强的生命力,VS,spring up like mushrooms,含有“成长迅速、但消亡也迅速”的意思。,在转换的过程中，虽然英汉谚语和成语意义对应，但其,附加意义、感情色彩和评价目的,却有所不同。,3.,意译法,意译,是指根据原文的大意来翻译，主要在原,与译语体现巨大文化差异的况下得以应用。,天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福,直译,:Storms gather without warning,in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.,意译,:The weather and human life,are both,unpredictable.,例,2:,望子成龙,译文：,to expect ones son to become an outstanding personage.,在中国，龙为民族图腾，代表着吉祥和顺,为褒义,，如龙腾虎跃，龙马精神。,而在西方国家，龙是邪恶的化身，给人的印象,是凶恶等,贬义,的联想。,例如：,the Old Dragon,(,撒旦、魔鬼,),dragonish,(,凶暴的、严厉的）,狗嘴里吐不出象牙,A filthy mouth cant utter decent language.,汉语中，强调狗,凶狠残忍,的一面，带贬义,如：狗仗人势，狗腿子,英语中则赞赏狗,忠诚,的一面，为褒义，如,a top dog,优胜者,a gay dog,快活人,You are a lucky dog.,你真幸运,习语、成语的意译,我从头到脚淋成了,落汤鸡,I was drenched from head to toe like,a drown rat.,VS,立竿见影,get instant results,黔驴技穷,at ones wits end,生龙活虎,bursting with energy,挥金如土,to spend money like water,胆小如鼠,as timid as hare,班门弄斧,teach a fish to swim,Shed crocodiles tears,猫哭老鼠,Fish in troubled waters,浑水摸鱼,4.,增译法,&,减译法,（一）增译：,增加意义上需要的动词、名词,We dont regret,we never have and never will.,我们不后悔，我们从来没有后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。,增加意义上需要的代词、形容词、副词、量词、感叹词等,1.The war made a man of him.,战争把他锻造成一个,堂堂正正的,男子汉,2.Dont get angry.Im just making fun of you.,不要生气,嘛！,我不过开开玩笑,罢了,3.,黄鼠狼给鸡拜年。,The weasel goes to pay his respects to the hen,not with the best of intentions.,（二）减译,1.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?,冬天来了，春天还会远吗？,2.If you give him an inch,he will take a mile.,得寸进尺,5.,对译法,不同的语言也尤其相似之处,在翻译时译者可采用文中现成的词句来替换原句中的词句。,例,1:,来得容易，去得快。,译文：,Easy come,easy go.,2.,趁热打铁,Strike while the iron is hot.,3.,熟能生巧,Practice makes perfect,.,结束语,无论哪种语言的翻译都是离不开文化语境的。根据文化语境的需求采取与之对应的翻译方法，最大限度的使本族语与外国语之间缩短文化差异，从而能真正的达到译文的“信，达，雅。”,Reference,s,1,Nida,EugeneA.Language,Culture and,Translating,M,.Shanghai:Shanghai,Foreign Language Education Press,2001.,2魏红，卜毅,.,文化因素对翻译的影响,J,.,中国科技信息，,2006.23.,3包惠南,.,文化语境与语言翻译,M,.,中国对外翻译出版公司，,2001.,4冯庆华,.,文体与翻译论,M,.,上海：上海外语教育出版社，,2008.,5,.,刘宓庆,.,文体与翻译,M,.,北京：中国对 翻译外出版有限公司，,2007,6,郭建中,.,文化与翻译,M,.,北京,:,中国对外翻译公司,2000.,7周志培,.,汉英对比与翻译中的转换,M,.,上海：华东理工出版社,2003.,8曹荣，罗培荣,.,翻译中的文化因素解读,J,.,绵阳师范学院学报,2006,（,8,）,.,9贺春英,.,文化与翻译研究,J,.,黑龙江学院学 报,2005,（,7,）,.,10金惠康,.,跨文化交际翻译,M,.,北京,:,中国对外翻译公司,2003.,1