句子成分和句子结构

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,句子成分与基本句型,英语入门基础,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须,大写,，结尾要有,？！,I am a teacher.,Are you a student?,How beautiful the girl is!,现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：,主语（,subject,）、谓语（,predicate,）、表语（,predicative,）、宾语（,object,）、定语（,attribute,）、状语,(,adverbial,),和补语（,complement,）。,句子包括哪些成分？,主语：,主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由,名词,，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首,The girl,is pretty.,Reading,is useful.,To see,is to believe.,They,are good friends.,主语,谓语：,谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成,They,are,teachers.,She,looks,well.,He,studies,hard.,He,laughed at,his classmates.,He,can speak,English.,表语：,表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面,I am,a teacher,.,She is,happy.,Everybody is,here,.,They are,at home,now.,My job is,to teach English,.,Seeing is,believing.,宾语,宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后,She plays,the piano,.,He often helps,me,.,I like,watching TV,.,She likes,to go to shop,this afternoon,.,宾语补足语,：位于,宾语之后,对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作,宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。,The war made him a,soldier,.,New methods make the job,easy.,I often find him,at work,.,The teacher ask the students,to close,the windows.,I saw a cat,running,across the road.,宾语补足语,状语,状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当,He did it,carefully.,Without his help,we couldnt work it out.,In order to,catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.,I was born,on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi,.,He is writing,with a pen,.,定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语,。,定语可由以下等成分表示：,Guilin is a,beautifu,l city.（形容词）China is a,developing,country;America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirty,women,teachers i,n,our school.（名词）,His,rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first,to enter the classroom,.（不定式短语）The,teaching,plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article,about how to learn English,.（介词短语）,句子成分的特点和功能,1.,是一个句子所叙述的主体，,一般位于句首,。,2.,常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词、数词和主语从句充当。,They,are students.,The sun,rises in the east.,太阳在东方升起。,To see,is to believe.,眼见为实。,1.,说明主语的动作、状态和特征，,一般放 在主语的后面,2.,常用动词或动词词组充当,We,study,English.,He,is,asleep.,You,may go,now.,1.是动作行为的对象或承受者,放在及物动词或介词之后,(,动宾,&,介宾）,2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词和数词充当,I like,China.,We study,English.,I play with,him,.,位于,系动词,（如,be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem,等）之后,表示主语的性质、,状态和特征。,They are,students.,He is,asleep,.,他睡着了。,To see is,to believe.,句子成分的特点和功能,修饰限定,名词,或,代词,，说明该名词或代词的状态、品质、数量等。,用来修饰,动词,、,形容词,和,副词,等的，表示事情发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、程度等等,The,little,boy needs a,blue,pen.,(,形容词,),Two,boys need two pens.,（数词）,His,name is Tom.,（物主代词）,The boy,in the classroom,needs a pen of yours.,（介词短语）,The boy,sitting under the tree,is Tom.,（分词短语）,He runs,quickly.,他跑地很快。,She is,very,beautiful.,她非常漂亮。,I will go,there tomorrow.,He works,in this factory,.,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一：（主谓）,二：（主系表）,三：（主谓宾）,四：（主谓间宾直宾）,五：（主谓宾宾补）,（不及物动词）,1.The sun,rose.,2.Who,cares?,3.What he said,does not matter.,4.They,talked for half an hour.,5.The pen,writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个,共同特点,，即句子的谓语,动词,都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,（主谓宾）,构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：,me,，,him,，,them,，,us,，,her,等,（及物动词）,1.Who knows the answer?,谁知道答案？,2.He enjoys reading.,他喜欢看书。,3.He said Good morning.,他说：,早上好！“,4.I recognized him.,我认出他了。,此句型句子的,共同,特点,是：谓语动词,都具有实义,，,都是主语产生的动作,，但不能表达完整的意思，,必须跟有一个宾语,，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,（主谓间宾直宾）,（及物）,（多指人）,（多指物）,1.He brought you a dictionary.,他给你带来了一本字典。,2.I told him the story,我告诉他这个故事。,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,eg,：,give,/,pass,/,bring,/,show,/,buy,/,teach,。这两个宾语通常一个指人,(,间接宾语,),；一个指物,(,直接宾语,),。,（主系表）,（是系动词）,1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.,这是本英汉辞典。,2.The dinner smells good.,午餐的气味很好。,3.Everything looks different.,一切看来都不同了。,4.His face turned red.,他的脸红了。,系动词,分两类：,be,look,keep,seem,等，表情况；,get,grow,become,turn,等属另一类，表变化。,be,本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词,多可用作连系动词：,look well/,面色好,sound nice/,听起来不错,feel good/,感觉好，,smell bad/,难闻,S+V+O+C,（主,+,动,+,宾,+,宾补）,（及物）,（宾语）,（宾补）,The war|made|him|,a soldier,.,战争使他成为一名战士,.,New methods|make|the job|,easy,.,新方法使这项工作变得轻松,.,I|,often,find|him|,at work,.,我经常发现他在工作,.,I|saw|a cat|,running across the road,.,我看见一只猫跑过了马路,.,此句型的句子的,共同特点,是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个,补充成分,来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。类似动词有,call make find think keep see,等等。,宾语补足语,：位于,宾语之后,对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作,宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。,划分句子成分练习一,(,一,),指出下列句中,主语,的中心词,The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,(二)选出句中,谓语,的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.,g,et B.,l,onger C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.,D,o B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.,m,eeting C.the library D.afternoon,(,三,),挑出下列句中的宾语,My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak E