化学专业外语.杂卤素(卤素互化物)和惰性气体

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lesson 5 Interhalogen and noble gas compounds,杂卤素（卤素互化物）和惰性气体,1.学习词汇,3.练习全文翻译,2.科技英语翻译标准,malleable 展性的,ductile 延性的,galvanize 镀锌、电镀,blast 鼓 风,volatile 易挥发的,inhalation 吸 入,amalgam 汞 齐,sulphate 硫酸盐,blue vitriol 胆矾、硫酸铜,hydrate 水合物,electroplate 电镀,barnacle 藤 壶,ammonia 氨,ammonium 铵,basic 碱式的、碱性的,dissolve 溶 解,dissociate 离 解,soluble 可溶的,ferrocyanide 亚铁氰化物,nitrate 硝酸盐,Medical silver nitrate,医用硝酸银,1.学习词汇,科技英语的翻译标准有三条：信，达，专业术语正确。要求译者必须准确理解和掌握原著的内容，决不能主观发挥译者个人的想法和推测。译者在确切理解原著的基础上，又必须很好地运用本语言把原文通顺、流畅地表达出来。,2.科技英语翻译标准,Interhalogen,and noble gas compounds comprise,（包含，由,组成）,a relatively limited family of highly reactive and unstable molecules whose primary importance,（重要性，重大，价值，傲慢）,is their role in testing,（测试）,chemical bonding theory.,杂卤素和惰性气体化合物包含了高度活泼和不稳定分子的比较有限的（我的观点：相对特别的，因为后边进一步解释了为什么是,a relatively limited family,）一族，这些化合物的头等重要性（主要价值）是它们在考察化学键理论中的作用。,第一段,3.练习全文翻译,At first it may seem rather strange to treat the chemistry of the halogens and the noble gases,two groups that represent the extremes of chemical activity and inertia,in the same section.,首先，把卤素和惰性气体的化学内容放在一起论述看起来也许非常奇怪，因为它们虽然处于同一区域，但是却分别代表了化学上高度活泼和惰性的的两个极端。,The superficial,（表面的，肤浅的，浅薄的）,differences between the halogens and the noble gases are much reduced,however,，,if we focus our attention on the comparison of halide ions(particularly F-)with the,isoelectronic,noble gas atoms and the noble gas compounds with halogen atoms or the halogens in their higher positive-,oxdation,states.,但是，如果我们把注意力转向比较卤素离子（尤其是,F-,）和等电子体的惰性气体原子以及把惰性气体化合物和卤素原子或者处于较高氧化数的卤素比较，卤素和惰性气体间的表面差别就大大减少了。,Noble gases are,exceptional,（例外的，异常的）,in their,reluctance,（不愿意，勉强）,to either gain or lose an electron.,（与其它原子相比），惰性气体原子比较异常，它们既不容易得到电子，也不容易失去电子。,Halide ionsbecause of their excess,negative charge,relative to the,isoelectronic,noble gas atomshave both a lower,ionization energy,（电离能）,and a lesser,（较小的，更少的，次要的）,electron affinity,（电子亲合能）,.,相对于等电子体的惰性气体原子，因为额外的负电荷，卤素离子的电离能和电子亲合能都比较低（易失去电子，不容易得到电子）。,On the other hand,noble gas,cations,（阳离子）,have greater electron affinities and greater ionization energies than do,isoelectronic,halogen atoms.,另一方面，惰性气体阳离子比等电子体的卤素原子具有较高的电子亲合能和较高的电离能（说明容易得电子，不容易失电子）。,From such considerations,，,it is obvious that inert gases should be less reactive than are halide ions,but their compounds should show even higher reactivity than the halogens.,从这些方面来看，很明显惰性气体应该比卤素离子的活泼性差，而它们的化合物应该比卤素单质显示出更高的活泼性。,The big question remaining is:Are there any chemically,significant,（有意义的、重大的、重要的、有效的、有影响的）conditions under which,noble gases,can be persuaded to yield（出产、生产）electrons sufficiently to produce stable compounds?The answer is definite,yes!(The same question can be asked of halogen atoms，which have ionization energies comparable to those of the inert gases.),目前存在的一个大问题是：化学上是否存在这样的重要条件，在此条件下，惰性气体原子可以失去足够的电子而形成稳定的化合物？答案是明确的，有！（对于离子化能可以和惰性气体相比的卤素原子，也可以提出同样的问题。）,Another obvious point of similarity between halogen and noble gas compounds is the characteristically large number of electrons that must be,accommodated,（容纳）,in the valence shell.,在卤素和惰性气体化合物间另外一点明显的相似之处是原子核外的价电子层都存在典型的大量的电子。,For a noble gas atom bonded to any number of other atoms,the,octet rule,（八偶体规则）,must be exceeded;,对惰性气体原子来说，不管它与多少个其它原子结合，都会逾越八偶体规则。,for a halogen atom to be bonded to more than one other atom,，,the same must be true.,对于卤素原子，如果与它键合的其它原子超过一个，同样也会逾越八偶体规则。,It is a,curiously,（古怪的，难以理解的）,historical fact that the,mythical,（神话的，设想的，虚构的）,inertia,（惰性，惯性）,of a closed shell did much to,diminish,（使减少，使变小）,the energy,expend,ed,（花费，消耗，支出）,in the search for noble gas compounds,long after,numerous examples of,superoctet,valence shells were known,particularly among,interhalogen,compounds.,（）,一个说来稀奇的的历史事实是，这种闭合壳层的“所谓的”神秘的惰性确实使人们大大地减少了对惰性气体化合物的研究，直到很久以后，人们才了解了大量的超八偶体的化合物的例子，尤其是杂卤素化合物（卤素互化物）。,We may roughly,（概略地，粗糙地）,classify the,interhalogen,compounds into two,categories,（种类，别）：,those in oxidation state zero(the binary analogs of the elementary,diatomics,)and those in which one of the halogens is in a formally,（形式上，正式地）,positive oxidation state.,我们可以把杂卤素化合物粗略地分为两类：一类是卤素原子氧化数为,0,的双原子分子的类似物，另一类是卤素形式上为正氧化数的化合物。,Heterodiatomic,halogens are generally formed readily on mixing the required pair of halogens in a 1:1 ratio.,当把所需要的两种卤素按照,1:1,的比例混合时，卤素的杂双原子分子一般都容易形成。,The bond energies are always higher in the,heteropolar,（异极的）,molecules than are the average bond energies of the two constituents,（组分，成分）,and in some cases higher than either.,异极分子中的键能通常比组成此分子的两组分的平均键能高，某些情况下，也比任何一种组分的化学键键能高。,It is this factor that drives the reactions.,这正是反应的推动力（正是这种因素推动了反应的进行）。,All,heterodiatomics,are more or less stable under ambient conditions except for,BrF,which,spontaneously,（自然地，本能地）,dis,proportionate,s,（不均衡的、歧化）,to BrF,3,and Br,2,.,除了,BrF,自然地歧化为,BrF,3,和,Br,2,外，所有的杂双原子分子在周围环境下多多少少都能稳定存在。,The bonding in the halogen,diatomics,can be attributed to a single bond,，,formed by overlap of p,orbitals,.,卤素双原子分子中的化学键是由,p,轨道互相重叠形成的单键。,In the,heterodiatomics,the principal new features are the poorer orbital,overlap,s t