误解的潜在性理论阐释

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,言语,误解的潜在性：理论阐释,山西大学外国语学院 吴亚欣,Subject,:Hi,Mary.How is the work going?,Experimenter,:What do you mean,“How is it going?”Do you mean mentally or financially?,Subject,:I mean“How is it going?”Whats the matter with you?,Experimenter,:Nothing.Could you just explain a little clearer what you want to know?,Subject,:Skip it.How is that new project coming?,Experimenter,:What do you mean,“How is it coming?”,Subject:,You know what I mean.,Experimenter,:I really dont.,Subject,:Whats the matter with you?Are you sick?,Example One,“Language use and communication are in fact pervasively and even intrinsically flawed,partial,and problematic”(Coupland,Giles&Wiemann,1991,p.3),“,during,the,process,of,interpersonal,communication,participants,tolerate,a,rather-high,degree,of,non-acknowledged,unresolved,potential,misunderstanding”,(Blum-Kulka,&,Wiezman,1989),The co-pilot repeatedly called attention to the bad weather and to ice building up on other planes:,Co-pilot,:Look how the ice is just hanging on his,ah,back,back there,see that?,Captain,:Side there.,Co-pilot,:See all those icicles on the back there and everything?,Captain,:Yeah.,He expressed concern early on about the long waiting time between de-icing:,Example Two,Co-pilot,:Boy,this is a,this is a losing battle here on trying to de-ice those things,it(gives)you a false feeling of security,thats all that does.,Shortly after they were given clearance to take off,he again expressed concern:,Co-pilot,:Lets check these tops again since we been setting here awhile.,Captain,:I think we get to go here in a minute.,When they were about to take off,the co-pilot called attention to the engine instrument readings,which were not normal:,Co-pilot,:That dont seem right,does it?(3-second pause).,Ah,thats not right.(2-second pause)(Well),Captain,:Yes,it is,theres eighty.,Co-pilot,:Naw,I dont think thats right.(7-second pause),Ah,maybe it is.,Captain,:Hundred and twenty.,Co-pilot,:I dont know.,The takeoff proceeded,and thirty-seven seconds later the pilot and co-pilot exchanged their last words:,Co-pilot,:Larry,were going down,Larry.,Captain,:I know it.,(Sound of impact),(Tannen 1994:92-93),“all words have multiple meanings.These meanings are narrowed down by the context in which the words are used.”(Heyman,1994,p.9),语言的意义依赖于语境,指示性,(Indexicality),The car you saw today and intend to buy tomorrow,somebody saw yesterday and intends to buy today.,(Sign displayed in a Mazda showroom),(Cited from Grundy,2000,p.22),Example Three,I mean if you come this way youre into theres a road here and theres a circulating ring road and if you come this way theres a very tight corner here.(Grundy,2000,p.36),Example Four,(Costello),On the Saint Louis team we have Whos on first,Whats on second,I Dont Knows on third.,(Abbott),Thats what I want to find out.I want you to tell me the names of the fellows on the Saint Louis team.,(Costello),I,Im telling you Whos on first,Whats on second,I Dont Knows on third.,(Abbott),You know the fellows names?,(Costello),Yes.,(Abbott),Well then,Whos playing first?,(Costello),Yes.,(Abbott),I mean,the fellows name on first base.,Example Five,(Costello),Who.,(Abbott),The fellow playing first base for Saint Louis.,(Costello),Who.,(Abbott),The guy on first base.,(Costello),Who is on first.,(Abbott),Well,what are you asking me for?,(Costello),Im not asking you,Im telling you,Who is on first.,(Abbott),Im asking you:Whos on first?,“The meaning(of language)depends on our interpretation,which is based on the context;at the same time,the context is also an interpretation.Meaning(of language)and context each provide the grounds for the other.”(Heyman,1994,p.10),这次全国语用学研讨会是最有地方特色的一次研讨会。,Example Six,语言的,反身性,：语言使用的语境要靠语言的意义来界定。或者换句话讲，语言的意义和语境之间是互相界定的。,反身性（,Reflexivity,）,One day as David was walking down the hall,his boss called him into her office and said,“David,what do you think of affirmative action?”Davids immediate response was“It certainly hasnt hurt our company.Especially since we depend on government contracts for much of our work.”Looking serious,his boss then responded,“Yes,I know,but I was thinking of affirmative action with respect to my son who is applying to law school this year.Hes afraid that he might not get in unless he scores really high on the law aptitude test because so many women and minority groups are applying”(.(Cited from Heyman,1994,p.18),Example Seven,“Much even most-meaning in conversation does not reside in the words spoken at all,but is filled in by the person listening.Each of us decides whether we think others are speaking in the spirit of differing status or symmetrical connection.The likelihood that i