考研英语阅读方法与技巧

,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,考研阅读方法与技巧,考研大纲,对阅读的要求,理解,主旨,要义；,理解文中的,具体信息,；,理解文中的,概念性含义,；,进行有关的,判断、推理和引申,；,根据上下文,推测,生词的,词义,；,理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的,关系,；,区分,论点,和,论据,。,高考,阅读理解,330,词,5,题,10 min,四级,仔细阅读,300 - 350,词,5,题,7.5min,六级,仔细阅读,400 - 450,词,5,题,7.5min,考研,阅读理解,400,词,5,题,15min,托福,阅读理解,700,词,12-14,题,20min,雅思,阅读理解,900,词,13-14,题,20min,GRE,阅读理解,1700,词,8-12,题,20min,考研英语做题顺序和时间分配,I.,完形填空,(20 min),II. Part A,常规阅读,(70 min),II. Part B,阅读新题型,(15 min),II. Part C 翻译 (30 min),III. Part A,小作文,(15 min),III. Part B,大作文,(30 min),Part A 40%,（常规阅读）,Part B 10%,（新题型）,Part C 10%,（翻译）,II. Reading Comprehension,Part A,阅读,4,篇文章，长度：,400,词,/,篇,共,20,小题,每小题,2,分,共,40,分,自然科学类：生物学 医学 科学,-,特点：细节复杂，观点清晰,社会,人文,科学类：文学 历史 哲学,教育 心理,-,特点：评述较多，区分观点,社会,经济,科学类：商业 经济,-,特点：背景复杂，外在逻辑,考研阅读文章的主题特点,考研阅读文章选题来源,ECONOMIST,NEWSWEEK,TIME,NEWYORK TIMES,WASHINGTON POST,2004,Text 1 Putting the Net to Work. US News & World Report.,（,美国新闻与世界报道,，,1997,年,10,月,27,日）,Text 2 As easy as ZYX. Economist.,（,经济学人,，,2001,年,8,月,30,日）,Text 3 Whats a Shopper to Do? Newsweek.,（,新闻周刊,，,2000,年,12,月,18,日美国版）,Text 4 Nurturing the Life of the Mind. ASBJ,（,2001,年,1,月美国学校董事会杂志）,2005,Text 1 Fair and Square. Economist.,（,经济学人,，,2003,年,9,月,18,日）,Text 2 Washington Post.,（,华盛顿邮报,时事评论）,Text 3 Taking Control. Newsweek.,（,新闻周刊,，,2002,年,7,月,15,日）,Text 4 Talking Down. Economist.,（,经济学人,，,2004,年,1,月,29,日）,2006,Text 2,Inside Meaning. Michael Swan. Cambridge University Press. ( The Observer. ,观察家报,),Text 3,Ocean,s eleventh hour.,( The Economist,经济学人,，,2003,年,5,月,15,日,),Text 4,The Art of Unhappiness.,( Time,时代,，,2005,年,1,月,17,日,),2007,Passage 1,：出自,The NewYork Times May 7, 2006,Passage 2:,出自,Scitific America,Passage 3,：出自,HARVARD MAGAZINE,Passage 4,:,出自,the economist Jun 23rd 2005,2008,第一篇出处,Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress,，,第二篇出处,The Economist. Sep 22nd 2005,题目为：,Scientific publishing The paperless library.,第三篇出处,Scientific American,的,Napoleons Revenge,第四篇出处,U.S. News,的,The sorry legacy of the founders,2009,阅读第一篇 纽约时报,(The New York Times) Can You Become a Creature of New Habits?,阅读第二篇 科学美国人,(Scientific American) Whos Your Daddy? The Answer May Be at the Drugstore,阅读第三篇 麦肯锡季刊,(The Mckinsey Quarterly) Educating global workers,阅读第四篇,Intellectual Life in America,2010,第二篇文章选自于,08,年,2,月,26,号的,经济周刊,阅读第三篇篇文章节选于,07,年,2,月份的,哈佛经济评价,第四篇文章节选于,09,年,4,月份的,经济学人,2012,第一篇文章出自,2011,年,3,月,24,日的时代周刊,(Times),上的一篇文章有关,HerdMentality,的文章,第二篇文章,2011,年,4,月,24,日,B,上的一篇文章，其标题为,VermontYankeeplantsownermusthonoritsownpromises,。,第三篇文章出自一本书，其标题是,EverydayPracticeofScience:WhereIntuitionandPassionMeetObjectivityandLogic,第四篇文章出自经济学家,2011,年,3,月,17,日的文章,EnemiesofProgress,，,如何提高考研阅读？,读,词汇,语法,+,句法,篇章,解,细节题,推理题,主旨题,语义题,态度题,英美报刊原文,中式问题设置,选项特征,词汇（,V,）复习遇到难题,遗忘率高,无法摆脱词汇书,阅读中无法理解,back,用科学的方法补偿：,利用艾宾浩斯记忆曲线不断重复化整为零,多种手段复合记忆,back,利用词根词缀记忆,无法摆脱词汇书的症结？,记住的不是中文解释，而是记住了中文解释在词汇书上的位置,back,解决办法：语境中寻找,!,禁忌：做真题时查词,阅读中无法理解,back,跳,a fabulous symbola symbol,；,if women are mercilessly exploitedif women are exploited,推,词根词缀：,theoretical ;Energetic;,birdless,连接词,(,and,or,but,),：,Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal.,例子：,There are many kinds of animals like crocodiles, wren and rats.,跳,推,从句或插入语：,Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences.,重复替换词汇：,Although we all know that the,change,of genes of virus or bacteria can lead to illnesses, we find some illnesses are caused by virus and bacteria without genetic,mutation,.,语法难点结构,省略句,同从、状从,（经常考）,形式主语,/,宾语,比较级,非谓语,定语从句,（必考）,倒装句,句法难点结构,抓住主干部分,插入语。插入语在英文中非常常见，在阅读文章里主要表现为以下两种符号：逗号，破折号。如：,Most people, with the exceptions of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, have little interest in the sea.,Most people have little interest in the sea.,Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature.,Man is part of nature.,句法难点结构,分析长难句,1,拆分（从关系词拆开）,2,连接（自问自答）,3,整合（言语逻辑整合）,We love Liu who is good at vocabulary.,1. We love Liu. Liu is good at vocabulary.,2. We love Liu.,（,Liu,是怎么样个人呢？）,Liu is good at vocabulary.,3.,我们都喜欢那个词汇很棒的刘畅老师。,back,篇章,句与句，段与段的逻辑关系：,1.,转折：,转折词：,however/ but/ yet/ despite/although/ in spite of/ while,否定词：,not /no /wrong,2.,递进：,even/ indeed/ in fact/ actually/ in reality,3.,并列：序数词,/further/more/likewise/additional/ meanwhile/also/besides,4.,承接：,thus/so/consequently/as a result/,直接写,back,细节题的命题规律,人名、引语、年代、 数字、大写字母出现的地方常考；,特殊标点符号处经常考,:,冒号、引号、破折号等；,连接词处，,however, but, yet, in contrast, by comparison, whereas, because, therefore, so, hence, etc.,；,包含复杂语法关系的长难句中经常考：定语从句，同位语从句和状语从句等。,细节题的解题方法,准确定位，原文与选项对号入座：同义词替换一般是正确答案；,选项中含有绝对语气词的一般不是答案，如：,must, always, never, only, completely,；,选项中符合一般常识，意义富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。,定位词优先,大原则：名词优先,专有名词,(Nature America),时间和数字,(in,the 1840s),特别的词串,(AAAA cars Zodiac cars),较特殊的单一名词,(Automation),动词,(ban dramatically),连接词,(when,as,because,result from),细节题干扰选项的特征,与原文内容矛盾；,与原文内容貌似，但要么太绝对化，要么意思完全不同；,原文中根本没有提到，但较符合考生的思想；,与原文的逻辑关系颠倒；,概念范围过宽或过窄。,back,推理题,主要考察考生理清,上下文逻辑关系,的能力。,需要靠,简单,逻辑推理判断能力。,关键从文中的有关,暗示,分析推理判断。,推理题的表现形式,提问方式：,From the passage we can,draw the conclusion,that _.,It is,implied/indicated/suggested,that _.,Whats,implied,but not stated by the author is that _.,Para ,indicates,that _.,推理题的表现形式,2,5. It can be,inferred/concluded,from the passage that_.,6. The report/study/research seems to,suggest,that _.,7. We can,learn/conclude,from the passage that _.,8. Which of the following can be,inferred,_.,9. Why does the author,mention,it?,推理题的分类,根据推理题的出处，可分为：,明确说明,中心词,的推理题,明确说明,得分句,的推理题,明确说明,得分段,的推理题,明确说明,得分篇章,的推理题,推理题的命题规律,综合性推论判断的题目常围绕全文内容出题。,文章或段落的开头处，以及文章结尾总结处。,用来说明主题的细节处。,起承转合处。,长难句子处。,推理题的解题方法,搞清楚主题意思，准确,定位,得分句、辅助句，然后进行推理判断。,与主题有关的推理，一定要研读,首尾段,。,太,绝对,的选项一般不是正确的，正确选项总是留有余地的，标志词有：,may, probably, sometimes, often, etc.,推理题的解题方法,2,推理过头，概括过度的选项为无关选项。,选项中符合一般常识，意义富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是选项。,文中未加修改的句子和文中直接陈述事实一定不是选项。,概括性语言的选项一般是正确选项。,back,主旨题,包括,:,中心思想题,和,最好标题题,关键是研读,主题句,主旨题的表现形式,What is the,main idea/subject,of this passage?,This passage is,mainly/primarily concerned with,_,The,main theme/point,of the passage is_,Which of the following is,the best title,for the passage?,Which of the following,best describes,that passage as a whole?,主旨题的表现形式,2,In this passage the author,mainly argues,that_,What does that author,intend to convey,through the passage?,The,central idea conveyed,in the above passage is that_.,主旨题命题规律,首段尾段处。,特殊标点符号处,尤其是段首的特殊标点符号处。,语义转折处,尤其是首段的语义转折处。,因果句常考。 关系词：,because, due to, owing to, since, for, as, therefore, consequently, result in, originate from,etc.,主旨题答题方法,时间紧迫的情况下，只读首尾段。,注意出现频率高的单词。,概括全文，内容全面的选项一般正确。,和主题句意思相同或相近的选项一般就是正确答案。,干扰项的特点：只有局部信息， 概括太宽， 无关信息。,back,语义题,要求考生具备推测某个,超纲词或短语,在,特定语境里,含义的能力。,语义题的表现方式,According to the author, the word “ X”,means,_.,Which of the following is,nearest in meaning,to “X”?,The term “XX” in para can be best,replaced by,_.,As used in the line, the word “”,refers to,_.,Whats the,meaning of,“ ”.,语义题 命题规律,具有指代上下文语义功能的名词常考。,一词多义的常见词和词组常考。,对比处常考。,复杂句常考。,语义题的解题方法,答案与文章主题关系相近，符合主题一般就是答案。,通过连接词（,and, or, but, i.e.),所表达的关系判断所考词汇的含义。,通过特殊标点 符号表达的关系判断词义,利用所考词的修饰、限定成分判断其含义。,选项与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。,back,态度题,考作者对文章中,某一问题或事物,以及,整个文章,的态度及观点,分析,文章体裁,，,一般说明文中作者的态度是,客观或中立,的,；议论文作者的态度多种多样。,态度题的表现形式,Whats the writers,attitude,to ?,The writers,attitude,of this passage is apparently _.,The authors,view,is _.,How does the author,feel about,?,In the,authors opinion, _.,According to the author, _.,态度题 命题规律,涉及文章中心思想处常考。,作者提出观点处。,语义转折和对比处。,复杂句处,(,虚拟语气处,),。,态度题 答题方法,分清文章的文体。 议论文态度较多。议论文的中心句,暗示,作者的态度。,理解中心思想的基础上判断。,区分文章中,作者的观点,和,引文的观点,（直接引语和间接引语）。,了解表示感情色彩的词。,表示褒义的词：,positive, supporting, praising, optimistic, admiring, interesting, humorous, enthusiastic, pleasant, concerned, sober.,表示中性的词：,indifferent, impassive,（不动感情的）,uninterested, neutral, impersonal, subjective, impartial, objective, etc.,表示贬义的词：,disgusted, critical, negative, suspicious, pessimistic, depressed, worried, disappointed, ironic, sarcastic, sentimental, angry,etc.,表示文体的词：,formal, informal, casual, etc.,back,细节题的命题规律,人名、引语、年代、 数字、大写字母出现的地方常考；,特殊标点符号处经常考,:,冒号、引号、破折号等；,连接词处，,however, but, yet, in contrast, by comparison, whereas, because, therefore, so, hence, etc.,；,包含复杂语法关系的长难句中经常考：定语从句，同位语从句和状语从句等。,推理题的命题规律,综合性推论判断的题目常围绕全文内容出题。,文章或段落的开头处，以及文章结尾总结处。,用来说明主题的细节处。,起承转合处。,长难句子处。,主旨题命题规律,首段尾段处。,特殊标点符号处,尤其是段首的特殊标点符号处。,语义转折处,尤其是首段的语义转折处。,因果句常考。 关系词：,because, due to, owing to, since, for, as, therefore, consequently, result in, originate from,etc.,态度题 命题规律,涉及文章中心思想处常考。,作者提出观点处。,语义转折和对比处。,复杂句处,(,虚拟语气处,),。,语义题 命题规律,具有指代上下文语义功能的名词常考。,一词多义的常见词和词组常考。,对比处常考。,复杂句常考。,需要细读的地方,文章的 开头和结尾；,文章每段的开头；,文章中的长难句；,文章中的意义连接处（特别注意语义转折、因果和对比的逻辑关系）；,（中心思想，作者观点）,与原文句子同义词替换,。,正面反面，即原文句子的否定形式，答案变成肯定的正面叙述；原文是肯定形式，从正面叙述，答案变成否定形式从反面叙述,AB,角度，原文从,A,角度叙述某事，而答案从,B,角度叙述同一件事情，本质不变,相对原文语法变化，如原文中的被动变为主动,具体抽象，即原文具体事例，答案变为抽象概括，或反之,选项特点,正确答案的特点,干扰选项的特点,（,1,）照抄原文，个别词语不同。,（,2,）一半信息符合原文，一半信息不符。,（,3,）将原文某些信息张冠李戴。,（,4,）与原文叙述的内容相反。,（,5,）与原文中没有出现观点新信息。,（,6,）含有绝对化的词语，如,only,，,always,，,never,，,all,，,everything,，,anything,，,everywhere,，,everybody,，,nobody,。,（,7,）逻辑错误，因果颠倒等。,选项特点,文章必读和选读,but, yet,引出必读，,although, in spite of,不读或略读,in other words, that is to say,前面必读，后面选读,首段 段首 段尾,-,关注转折,破折号后面,(,之间,),必读（涉及具体问题时）,/,略读或不读（简单叙述）,阅读的难点,单词量不大，句型结构复杂。,作者态度的提出具有一定的隐蔽性,选项设置的迷惑性较大,(,考研阅读最大的一个难点),1）章显文章逻辑关系的词：如，but, also, futher more. (英文是法制语言，逻辑感强),Even those who arent hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile.,（,05,年,Text 1,）,需做记号的内容,2）含有感情色彩表达作者的态度的词,fortunately, excessively，too many,(00,年的,blind pride),3）标志性，指示性的信息：时间，地点，人名等名词；,