英语句子成分划分详解

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语句子成分划分详解,王老师,2013年5月2日,句子的成分,句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。,英语的基本成分有六种：主语（,subject,）、谓语（,predicate,）、表语（,predicative,）、宾语（,object,）、定语（,attribute,）和状语,(adverbial),。,1.主语,主语是谓语讲述所要说明或描述的人或事物，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。注意：不定式作主语时，常用形式主语,it,句型。,主语：名词（,n.,）、代词,(pron.),、数词,(num.),、名词化形容词（,adj.,）、副词,(adv.),、名词化介词,(prep.),、不定式,(to do),、动名词,(doing),、名词化分词、介词短语、从句。,1,名词作主语。,A tree has fallen across the road.,一棵树倒下横在路上。,Little streams feed big rivers.,小河流入大江。,2,代词用作主语。,Youre not far wrong.,你差不多对了,He told a joke but it fell flat.,他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑,3,数词用作主语。,Three is enough.,三个就够了。,Four from seven leaves three.7,减,4,余,3,。,4,名词化的形容词用作主语。,The idle are forced to work.,懒汉被迫劳动。,Old and young marched side by side.,老少并肩而行。,5,副词用作主语。,Now is the time.,现在是时候了。,Carefully does it.,小心就行。,6,不定式用作主语。,To find your way can be a problem.,你能否找到路可能是一个问题。,It would be nice to see him again.,如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。,7,动名词用作主语。,Smoking is bad for you.,吸烟对你有害。,Watching a film is pleasure,making one is hard work.,看电影是乐事，制作影片则是苦事,。,2.谓语,说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”。,谓语,(,谓语部分里主要的词,),必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它的位置一般在主语之后。谓语的构成可能是简单的动词、动词短语等。,谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。,1)，简单谓语,由动词,(,或短语动词,),构成。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。,We study for the people.,我们为人民学习。,What happened?,发生了什么事？,He worked hard all day today.,他今天苦干了一天。,The plane took off at ten oclock.,飞机是十点起飞的。,2),，复合谓语：情态动词不定式,I can speak a little English.,我可以说一点英语。,I am reading.,我在看书。,Whats been keeping you all this time?,这半天你在干什么来着？,You can do it if you try hard.,你努力就可以做到。,3.表语,表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，如主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，可以作表语的词有：名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语。,它的位置在系动词后面。表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份、属性或状态等。它位于连系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构在系表结构钟，连系动词只是形式上的谓语，而真正起谓语作用的则是表语，即与连系动词一起构,1,由名词构成,The wedding was that Sunday.,婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。,2,由代词构成,So thats that.,就是这样。,3,由数词构成,We are seven.,我们一共,7,人。,4,由形容词构成,Are you busy?,你有空吗？,5,由副词构成,Are you there?,你在听吗？（电话用语）,Is anybody in?,里面有人吗？,6,由不定式构成,All I could do was to wait.,我只能等待。,My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose.,我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。,7,由动名词构成,Complimenting,（赞美，祝贺）,is lying.,恭维就是说谎。,Is that asking so much?,这是要的高了吗？,8,由过去分词构成,I was so much surprised at it.,我对此事感到很惊讶。,Im very pleased with what he has done.,我对他所做的很满意,。,4.宾语,宾语是动作、行为的对象，在句中主要充当动作的承受者，在谓语之后（一般皆置于及物动词之后），可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,。,1,由名词构成,Do you fancy a drink?,你想喝一杯吗？,2,由代词构成,They wont hurt us.,他们不会伤害我们。,3,由数词构成,If you add 5 to 5,you get 10.5,加,5,等于,10,。,4,由副词构成,He left there last week.,他上个星期离开了那里。,5,由不定式构成,Does she really mean to leave home?,她真的要离开家吗？,5.状语,状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。可用作状语的有副词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。,1.,副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中,。,He speaks the language badly but read it well.,这种语言，他讲得不好，但阅读能力很强。,Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.,当我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。,2,状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等,(1).,时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中,Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?,In China now leads the world.,(2).,地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。,There are plenty of fish in the sea.,She kissed her mother on the platform(,月台,).,(3).,原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。,Because he was ill,Tom lost his job.,I eat potatoes because I like them,.,(4).,结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。,She woke(,醒,)suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.,She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said.,(5).,目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。,He ran for shelter(,隐蔽处,).,他跑去避雨。,In order to get into a good school,I must study even harder.,(6).,条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。,Well be lucky to get there before dark.,If he were to come,what should we say to him?,(7).,让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。,For all his money,he didnt seem happy.,他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。,He helped me although he didnt know me.,(8).,程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。,The lecture is very interesting.,To what extent would you trust them?,你对他们信任程度如何？,(9),伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。,My train starts at six,arriving at Chicago at ten.,He stood there,pipe(,烟斗,)in mouth.,6.定语,定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句和句子或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词又可以作主语，还可以作表语和宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。,1,形容词用作定语是大量的。,She is a natural musician.,她是一位天生的音乐家。,He must be the best violinist alive.,他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。（后置定语）,2.,名词用作定语。,A baby girl,女婴,well water,井水,Sports car,双座轻型汽车,A fools paradise,梦幻的天堂,3,代词作定语。,Your hair needs cutting.,你该理发了。（物主代词用作定语）,Everybodys business is nobodys business.,人人负责就是无人负责。（不定代词所有格作定语）,4,数词作定语,Theres only one way to do it.,做此事只有一法。,Do it now,you may not get a second chance.,现在就干吧，你可能再没有机会了。,基数词用作后置定语：,page 24 Room 201 the year 1949,5.,副词充当定语时常后置,the room above,楼上的房间,the world today,今日世界,the way out,出路,a day off,休息日,6,不定式用作定语,Her promise to write was forgotten.,她忘记了答应写信的事。,Thats the way to do it.,那正是做此事的方法。,7,动名词用作定语,.,A walking stick,拐杖,sleeping pills,安眠药,eating implements,吃饭用具,learning method,学习方法,8,分词充当定语,a sleeping child,正在睡中的小孩,a drinking man,嗜酒者,a retired wo