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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,初级语法,Basic Grammar,词类,Parts of Speech,1.,词类,（,Parts of Speech,）,英语可以分为以下,10,种词类（加粗的是词典中用的符号，后面括号中的词是英语全名）,1.,名词（即人或事物的名称）,-,n,.(noun)boy,dancer,flower,beauty,country,2.,冠词（用在名词前，帮助说明其意义）,-,art,.(article),a,an,the,3.,动词（表示动作或状态）,-,v,.(verb),go,do,see,work,feel,4,.,形容词（表示人或事物的特征,）,ad,(adjective)good,easy,new,beautiful,5,.,副词（表示动作特征或性状特征）,-,adv,.(adverb)beautifully,carefully,hard,up,very,6.,代词（代替名词或数词）,-,pron,.(pronoun)we,these,some,everybody,what,7.,数词（表示数目或顺序）,-,num,.(numeral):,nine,fifty,third,twentieth,8,介词（用在名词、代词等前面，说明与别的词之间关系）,-prep.(preposition)in,on,from,through,for,9,连词（连接词与词或句与句）,-,conj,.(conjunction)and,or,if,when,although,10,感叹词（表示说话时的感情或口气）,-,int,.(interjection),ah,well,wow,why,不定式前的,to,为小品词（,particles,）。,yes,和,no,有人称为肯定词和,否定词，有的词典称之为副词。,练习,（,Exercise,）,Tell the part of Speech of the following words,（用简写符号标出下面各词词类）,:,例,：,school(n.),1.difficulty()2.have()3.quietly(),4.who()5.big()6.forty(),7.take()8.careful()9.into(),10.carelessness(),答案：,1.n 2.v 3.adv 4.,pron,5.,adj,6.num 7.v 8.,adj,9.prep 10.n,2.,一个词可以分为不同的词类,有些词仅属于一个词类，如,quickly,为副词，,come,为动词，,beautiful,为,形容词。但绝大多数词都可以属于两种或多种词类，例如：,Let,s,go,咱们走吧。（,go,用作动词）,I,d like to have a,go,at it,我想试一试。（,go,用作名词）,I haven,t seen him,since,1998.,我,1998,年以后就没见到他了。（,since,作介词）,We met in 1980.I have never heard from him,since,1980.,我们,1980,年见面以后，我再也没有接到他的音信了。,（,since,作副词）,因此在学一个词时，先要知道它属于哪个词类，然后再弄清它是否还可用作其他词类。英语中的一个词，常可用作另一词类，如：,It,s a book,shop,.,这是一家书店。,where do you,shop,for clothes?,你在哪里买衣裳？,It,s a good,buy,这是一样便宜货。,where did you,buy,it,?,你是在哪里买的？,It,s a,small,park.,这是一座小公园。,Let me see if I have any,smalls,.,我看看有没有小号的。,这种现象叫作词类的转换（,conversion,）。,练习（,Exercise,）,Look up the words in a dictionary and see what part of speech they can be used in.,（在字典中查下面的词，看能用作什么词类）,:,1.warm.2.silence.3.until.4.in,5.up 6.before 7.part 8.more,3.,词类的转换,一个词类常可能转换为另一词类：,1,.,某些动词可以转换为名词：,Try,the shirt on,.,穿上这件衬衫试试（,v.),Let me have a,try,我来试一试。（,n.),Look,at me,.,瞧着我。（,v.),Let me have a,look,我来瞧瞧。（,n.),2.,某些名词也可转换为动词,:,Open your,book,s,.,打开你的书。（,n,.),Have you,book,ed your ticket,?,你订票了吗？,(,v,.),Have a,seat,.,请坐。（,n,.),The hall,seat,s,500,(,people,).,大厅可以坐,500,人。（,v,.),3.,某些形容词可以转换为动词：,You are too,slow,.,你太慢了。（,adj,.),The train has,slow,ed down.,火车慢下来了。（,v,.),It,s,warm,in spring.,春天天气暖和。（,adj,.),They,warm,ed their hands over the fire,.,他们在炉火上烤手。,(,v,.),4.,也有些形容词可转换为名词：,He is my,dear,friend,.,他是我亲密的朋友。（,adj,.),She,s a,dear,.,她是一个招人喜欢的人。（,n,.),Prices here are very,low,.,这里的物价很低。（,adj,.),Profits have reached a new,low,.,利润降到了最低点。（,n,.),5.,有些词用作其他词类时重音会发生变化：,Everybody,present,prezn,t,welcome the decision.,所有在场的人都欢迎这个决定。,The National Theatre is,presenting,prizenti,a new production of Hamlet.,国家剧场正在上演新的哈姆雷特。,练习（,Exercise,）,Tell the part of speech of the,boldfaced,words.,（说明粗体词的词类）,1.Can you,swim,?,你能游泳吗？,(),We stopped there for a,swim,.,我们在那里停下来游了一会儿泳。（,),2.What did he,say,？,他说什么了？,(),We have no,say,in this matter.,这事我们没有发言权。,(),3.Put it in your,pocket.,把它放在你口袋里。（,),He,pocketed,the money.,他把钱放进了自己的腰包。（,),答案：,1.v,n 2.v,n 3.n,v,4,.,派生（,Derivation,）,许多词通过加,词头,（或称,前缀,，,prefixes,）或,词尾,（或称,后缀,suffixes,）来构成另一词类，称为,派生,。通过加词头或词尾构成的词称,为,派生词,（,derivatives,）。,英语的词尾主要有下面这些：,1.,构成名词的词尾（括号中词为例词）,:,-,er,(singer)-or(sailor)-,ist,(artist,）,-,ee,(employee),-,es,（,hostess,）,-,ian,(musician,）,-,ese,(Japanese,）,-ant(contestant)-ism(heroism,）,-,ess,(happiness,）,-,（,a),tion,(examination,）,ment,(movement),-on(decision,）,-,ing,(wedding,）,-ship(friendship,）,-hood(childhood)-age(shortage,）,-,ure,(failure,）,-,dom,(freedom,）,-,ty,(cruelty)-,ity,(reality,）,-y(discovery,）,-,th,(warmth,）,-al(arrival),-,ance,(reliance,）,-,nce,(difference,）,-,ful,(mouthful,）,-y(slavery)-,eer,(engineer),2.,构成形容词的词尾,:,-,ful,(useful,）,-less(homeless,）,-,ish,(childish)-,ive,(active)-,ous,（,famous,）,-able(eatable,）,-,ible,(responsible),ic,(poetic)-ant(pleasant,）,-,ly,(lively,）,-al(cultural,）,-y,（,rainy)-,ent,(dependent,）,-,ary,(imaginary,）,-some(tiresome,）,-like(childlike)-en(wooden,）,-ate(fortunate,）,-an(Indian,）,-ed(talented),3.,其他词尾,:,-,ize,(modernize,）,-en(widen,）,-,ify,(simplify)ate(originate)-,ly,(slowly,）,-ward(backward,）,-wise(likewise)-teen(fourteen,）,-,ty,(forty,）,-,th,(ninth),英语的词头有两类：,1.,构成反义词的词头：,un-,（,un happy),dis,-(disagree)in-,（,informal),im,-,（,impolite),ir,-,（,irregular),il,-,（,illegal)non-,（,non-conductor)de-,（,defrost),2.,有特定的意思的词头,，如：,re-,（,retell),mis,-(misspell)co-(co-exist)anti-,（,anti-tank)pro-(pro-French)counter-,（,counteract)over-,（,overdo)under-,（,under-paid)ex-(ex-wife)pre,（,predict)post-(post-war)fore-,（,foresee)self-(self-made)inter-,（,interact),tele,-,（,telephone)super-,（,superman)micro-,（,microwave)semi-,（,semi-circle)mini-,（,minibus)vice-,（,vice-chairman),练习（,Exercise,）,Underline the suffixes and tell the parts of speech the words belong,to.,（在词尾下划线，并说明这些词属于哪个词类）,:,1.fearless()2.marriage()3.activity(),4.jewelry()5.normalize()6.golden(),7.safety()8.homeward()9.European(),答案：,1.less,（,adj,）,2.age,（,n,）,3.,ity,（,n,）,4.,ry,（,n,）,5.-ize,（,v,）,6.-en,（,adj,）,7.-ty,（,n,）,8.-ward
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