欧洲文化入门课件（王）

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,An Introduction to European Culture,王昺 教授,辽宁师范大学外国语学院,Email:,wang.bing,Purposes of the course,Improve English learning,Upgrade personal quality,Prepare for graduate program,Promote intercultural competence,Broaden your vision for future,Characteristics of the Course,Wide Coverage of many fields:,astronomy, geography, literature, history, religion, philosophy, political thoughts, art (paining, music, architecture, sculpture), science, etc.,Knowing something of everything, not everything of something Only a,taste,Focus of Study,Historical background of every period,Major events (wars, invasions, reforms, revolutions, social,changes,etc,.),Ideologies (main assumptions),Prominent historical figures (political, literary, religious, scientific, artistic),Literary and artistic styles (main characteristics),Not original writings,Miscellany,Scope: chapter 1-chapter 8,Attendance,Evaluation (paper or exam),Focus for prominent figures (names, time, contributions, masterpieces, heroes in their writings),Language of delivery,Requirements for proper names (English, simple foreign, complex foreign),My personal qualifications for the course,Abilities needed and to be developed,Memorization (names, times, etc.),Comprehension (ideas and ideologies),Compare and contrast (east and west),Critical thinking (why Europe leads the world in many ways),Personal analysis and synthesis,How can you learn the course well?,Establish a chronological framework of world history:,1200 146 B.C.: Ancient Greece,700 B.C. 27 B.C. 395 A.D.- 476 1054- 1453: Ancient Roman Empire,476 A.D. 14th century : Medieval Age,14th C (Dante) mid-17th C (Shakespeare, English Revolution),17th C: prodigious development of,sci,& Tech,18th C: enlightenment,19th C: Marxism, Darwinism, realism,20th C: modernism, postmodernism,Since 1970s: information age, globalization, economic integration, multiculturalism,Ancient Greek Culture,Historical context:,1200 BC. Trojan War (700BC: Homer),800-500 BC:,formative period,(city states),500-336 BC:,classical period,: heyday,winning,Greco-Persian Way; democracy in Athens; flourish of,sci,and art;,civil war: Athens vs. Sparta,伯罗奔尼撒战争,(432-404 BC), declined.,336-146 BC:,Hellenization,period,希腊化时期,Alexander III (356-336-323 BC);,center: Alexandria in Egypt; Roman conquest in 146 BC,Contending Schools,诡辩学派,Sophists 500 B.C.,代表人物：,Protagoras,Man is measure of all things.,Forerunner of Socratic dialectic,Emphasis on ability to argue for any case regardless of its truth,Cynics,：犬儒学派,300 B.C.Diogenes,主张：,simplicitybrotherhoodrejecting conventions,Sceptics,不可知派,Pyrrhon,Not all knowledge is attainable.Wise men should not judge, but should aim at balanced,imperburbability,.,Epicureans,伊壁鸠鲁学派,EpicurusPleasure is the highest good of life,achieved through practiced virtue. Different from hedonism(,享乐主义）,through sensual indulgence.,Stoics,斯多葛派，禁欲主义学派,Zenoantithesis of Epicureansvirtue, not pleasure, is the highest good.DutyHardship,Ancient Rome,Period of Kings: 753-510 B.C.,City of Rome set up,Period of Republic: 510-27 B.C.,1) Occupation of whole Italy,2) expansion: Punic Wars,（,264,133 B.C.,）, defeating Carthage (,迦太基,),3) Slave uprisings (133-27 BC.):,斯巴达克斯,Period of Empire: 27 B.C. 476 A.D. 1453 27 BC.,193 AD.,Pax,Romana,前三头：克拉苏，庞培，凯撒（,Julius,Caeser,）后三头：雷必达，安东尼，屋大维 （,Augustus,Octavius,）,after 193: weakened, barbarian invasions (Huns, Goths, Visigoths, Vandals)475: split WRE and Byzantium1453: conquered by Ottoman Empire (Modern Italy: 1871),Romans & Greeks,Similarities:,Democracy: citizen assembly, hostile to monarchy,Religion and mythology:,Languages (Greek and Latin): Indo-European family,Differences:Romans built an empire, Greeks not.Greeks: art and intellectRomans: Military: Roman legionsLaw: Roman LawConstructions: aqueducts, roadsGovernment system: effective bureaucracy,The Bible,It is not a single book, but a collection of 66 books, different in style, content, subject of matter, and point of view.,Not written by one person, but by many anonymously, some sections had existed orally before.,Not written within a single period of time:,Old Testament: 1,000 - 15 B.C.,N. T.: 50 150 A.D.,Not written in one language:,O.T: in Hebrew; N.T: in Greek (partly in Aramaic,阿拉米语,),*,Books in it are not systematically classified or chronologically arranged. * It contains words of God,an inspired and inspiring bookan encyclopedia (poem, history, tale, moral teachings, etc.),* It is a book that was ordered to be burned, but survived every time.* It is a book translated into over 1,000 Ls and dialects.* Number One in terms of publication volume; greatly influencing,Eu,culture.,Classification of 66 books,Old Testament: (Hebrew History),1. Law and history,2. Prophecies,3. Poetry, drama, tales, moral teachings,New Testament: (Life of Jesus Christ),1. Gospels,2. Letters,3. Revelations,The central theme binding all books:,Hebrew tradition written by, meant for and about Hebrews.,Genealogy,Adam & Eve Noah,诺亚,(Ark) Abraham (to Canaan,迦南,) Moses,摩西,(Exodus) Joshua,（约书亚）,(back to Canaan) split,（犹太国,&,以色列国）, Saul,扫罗,(unification) David,大卫,(built Jerusalem) Solomon,所罗门,Life of,Gesus,Born on Dec. 25th, 4 B.C.,In Bethlehem,伯利恒,From a carpenters family,Joseph & Virgin Mary,Disappeared as a child,Life before 30: unknown,At 30: baptized by John,From 30-33: preaching,At 33:,cruxifixation,on Good Friday,2 days later (Sunday): resurrection to heaven (Easter),Spread of Christianity,In early time: suppressed by Roman,gov,.,Later: developed quickly,305 A.D.: stopped persecution,313: Emperor Constantine granted religious freedom (Edict of Milan,米兰敕令,), became legal.,Constantine baptized at deathbed,392: Emperor Theodosius,塞奥多西乌斯,made Christianity the official religion of the Empire and outlaw all other religions.,6th century:,Nestorianism,景教,reached China.,Translation of Bible,Original: Hebrew (,旧,)& Greek,（新）,Septuagint:,七十子希腊文旧约全书,（,3rd. century B.C. in Alexandria,）,(lost),Vulgate edition: Latin whole Bible by Jerome,日罗姆 （,405 A.D.,）,; model for versions in other Ls.,After 16th Century: into many national languages.,English Versions,1382: John,Wycliff,威克里夫,16th Century: William,Tyndale, literary quality,1611: King James Bible,（詹姆斯一世钦定本）, plain language and most influential,1885: revised edition,1901: American edition,Chinese Versions,*,7th C:,景教本 （敦煌）,*,17th C:,明清本，,by missionaries,* 1919:,和合本, financed by churches,* 1979,： 联合本 （,in H.K.,）,Famous saying from the Bible,the last straw that falls gently on the camels back,引起巨大后果的最后因素,Can the leopard change its spots?,本性难移,.,To sow the wind and reap the whirlwind,自食其果,.,A living dog is better than a dead lion.,It is more difficult for the rich to give than for the camel to go through the eye of a needle.,The Middle Ages,（,the Medieval Times,）,Time: 476 A.D. 14th C.(,人文主义出现,),Feudalization in EU.,No political unity, no central,gov,.,Wars and invasions(1066, Crusades),Only organization: Catholic church,Church gained power and influence,Suppress scientists (“heretic”):,Inquization,(the Dark Age),Everyone was a believer: Age of Faith,Birth of many nations: England, France, Spain,Crusaders,Cause: Jerusalem fell to pagans killing Christian pilgrims,Times: 12 crusades, 200 years,Effect:,East-West contact,rise of monarchy,materialism,international trade development,learning revived,Renaissance,Time: 14th C mid-17th C. (Eng.,Revo,.),Origin: Italy, spread to all,Eu,.,Means: revival of interest in R. & G. culture,Ideology: humanism,Bourgeois in nature,Prodigious development in,sci,. and tech.,National languages,Absolute authority of Catholic: shaken,Giants appeared,Different emphasis,Italy: art,France: literature,England: philosophy, drama,Germany: religion,Characteristics,Spread of Humanism,Return to classical values,Beginning of objective,sci,. inquiry,Flourish of literature and art,Geographic discoveries,Humanism,A philosophy to assert greatness of man:,physical beauty + power of reason,A movement to restore human value of ancient classics as opposed to scholasticism,经院哲学,of the M. Ages.,Bourgeois in nature, against feudalism, paving the way for the rising capitalism,Religious Revolution,A 16th C. religious, social, political movement,Aim: to oppose absolute authority of Roman Catholic church and replace it with the authority of the Bible,Disputes: (1) who is the supreme authority, the Church or Bible? (2) Can individuals communicate directly with God? (indulgences),Beginning: M. Luthers 95 theses (,Wittengerg,威登堡,church),Result: split of church,Reformers practice,Translate Bible into vernaculars,Simplify church rituals,Abolishing indulgences,赎罪券,Reform church,Oppose church interference with,naitonal,eco. And politics,Peasant war,Martin Luther,Founder of Protestant Church,95 theses,Against indulgences,Started religious reform which extended to eco and,poli,. liberation from church control,Translate Bible into German vernacular,Fighter for democracy and nationalism,Ideal of equality,Split of Christianity,395 A.D.: Roman Empire- West and East,476: W.RE ended,1054: Catholic, R. Catholic & Orthodox,1453: end of E.RE (Byzantium),1520s: R. Catholic Catholic & Protestant,(Calvinism,瑞, Huguenot,法, Presbyterianism,苏, Anglican,英, etc.),After 1620:,Quacker, Methodism,美, etc.),Reformation in England,Focus: Pope vs. King (Germany: church vs. Bible),J. Knox established Presbyterian church,Wycliffe translated English Bible,Herry,VIII broke with Pope (on marriage),Act of supremacy of 1534,Closing monasteries and seizing land,Counter Reformation,Spain became the base of church reform, establishment of,Inquization,Council of Trent: stressing Catholic orthodoxy,Jesuits: conservative Catholic advocates who helped to win much of Germany, Poland, Hungary, etc. (still alive today),Protestantism and Capitalism,Roman Catholic church weakened,Denominations flourished Protestantism,Liberation of ideas: imagination, creation,Formation of many nation-states,National languages: popular,Sci, trade, commerce,Inventions and discoveries,Obedience gave way to quest, challenge and freedom,Geographic Discoveries,By 1600, surface of the known earth doubled,Columbus(,热那亚人，西班牙,): N. World (Oct. 12, 1492) (,比较：郑和，,1405,1433,年,7,次下西洋,),Diaz,（葡萄牙）：,Cape of Good Hope (1487),Da,Gama,(,葡萄牙,),：,Route to India via Good Hope (1497),Amerigo,(,意大利，亚美利哥,维斯普契,),：亚美利加洲,Magellan,Firdinand,（麦哲伦，葡萄牙）：,sailing around the globe (1522),Science in 17th C.,Ptolemy,托勒密（,2nd C. AD.,）：地心说,Copernicus: heliocentric hypothesis,日心说,Kepler,: 3,Keplers,laws- lend support to Copernicus Hypothesis,Galileo: invented astronomical telescope, proved heliocentric theory by observation, the law of inertia, the principle of lever, the law of falling bodies.,Sir Isaac Newton: the law of universal gravitation (Nature is governed by laws),Alexander Pope (,蒲伯,) wrote:“Nature and Natures laws hid in night,God said, Let Newton be, and all was light.”,宇宙法则，冥冥之中，主曰：“顿来”，万物皆明。,社会契约论（民约论）,Hobbes,：,Natural state of war:,狼多肉少,Laws of Nature: the rule of reason,passion,war and anarchy,reason, cooperation and peace,3. Social contract:,Every person gives up his or her rights to one man (sovereign) by “an agreement”;,Powers of sovereign is absolute;,Rebellion is wrong;,Peace is achieved.,实质：,support of monarchy,意义：,against “divine right of kings.”,君权神授,J. Locke,Against divine right of kings,All men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature (natural rights: survival, self-defense, private properties).,Natural law means universally obligatory moral law, governed by reason.,Social contract:,Will of the,mojority,;,The ruler of government is one partner of the agreement;,Rebellion is justified;,Support of democracy;,意义：,theory for Am. Revolution,English Revolution,causes:,growth of capitalism;,Breakdown of serfdom;,Puritan movement,Time: 1642-1649 (Charles I beheaded; Stuart ended),Leader: Oliver Cromwell,克伦威尔,Charles II. Restoration: 1658,1688: Glorious Revolution (William & Mary),Glorious Revolution of 1688,1689,：,Bill of Rights: established supremacy of Parliament (constitutional monarchy),legislature: parliament,Taxation: parliament,Military: no standing army for king,Religion: no Roman Catholic can be a king.,Enlightenment,An intellectual movement originating in France in the 2nd half of the 18th C.,特点：,using critical reason to free mind from prejudice, unexamined authority, and oppression of church or state Age of Reason,先驱：,1. J. Locke: materialist theory,（知识来源于经验，人脑可以认识世界）,2. I. Newton: law of universal gravitation (,自然是由法则支配的，法则可以被人认识,),Belief in: natural law, universal order, human reason,Prominent figures:,伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，狄德罗，卢梭,French Encyclopedia: popularized new kn. and ideas,Influences in Various Aspects,Politics,: rationalization of,gov,. and law (separation of powers),Social contact vs. divine right of kings,Ideology,: freedom, equality and fraternity vs. feudal privileges; kn. &,sci,.,vs,prejudice & ignorance,Philosophy,: materialism vs. scholasticism,Religion,: Deism vs. Christianity,Art & L,.: decorum (,规范,),Economy,:,laissezfaire,vs. state interference (feudal bondage),Historical Context,1700-1750: peaceful,After 1750: full of ideological, political, social and economic revolutions,1776: American Rev. Declaration of Independence,1789: French Rev. Declaration of Rights of Man,1760-1840: English Industrial Rev.,Result: growth of modern capitalism,Romanticism (,18-19th C,),Individual freedom and aspirations;,Shift from conformist to creative and adventurous;,Giving impetus to national movement;,Direct contact with Nature for inspiration;,Pure sentiment, ideal beauty,In search for subjective, spontaneous, supernatural;,Eulogizing idyllic life;,Escape from corrupt, polluted urban civilization;,Return to nature and childlike innocence;,Youth and love.,Beginning:,Rousseau;,Storm and Stress (,德国狂飚突进运动,),Corruption of capitalist society,Pollution of nature after Industrial Revolution,Criticism of classicism: failing to express mans emotional nature and overlooking mans profound inner force.,Active and Passive Romanticism,1. Passive Romanticists:,Representative: The Lakers,Wordsworth,沃兹华斯,Coleridge,科勒律治,Southey,：骚塞,Characteristics:,Return to nature,Unrelated to national liberation movements.,2. Active Romanticists:,Representatives:,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Characteristics:,Showing sympathy to national liberation movements, active participation,Transcendentalism,超验主义,American Romanticism:,Representatives: The Walton,Amerson,爱莫生,Thoureau,梭罗,“,For standing on the Persians grave;I could not deem myself a slave.”- Byron: “Isles of Greece”,脚踩波斯人的坟地；就不能想象自己是奴隶。因为屹立在波斯人坟上；不能想象自己有奴隶相。,Realism (,19th C,),Focus on fidelity to actual experience (reality);,Truthful representation of contemporary life;,To expose and criticize social evils;,Characterization as center of novel.,Musical Enlightenment,By early 18th C., music was completely rationalized;,Representatives: Bach, Handel,General basis of their work is counterpoint, which is based on physical laws;,Scientific principles of music composition;,Standardized styles: opera, sonata, concerto, cantata, etc.,Music in classical period,Representatives: Haydn, Mozart;,特点：,The new science of aesthetics reached independent status;,Emergence of instrumental music as the primary mode of expression;,The modern piano and orchestra appeared;,Sonata for solo instrument or orchestra occupied the position of opera;,Continuous evolution of the structure of instrumental form and style.,