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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,TOEFL,iBT,Models for Integrated Writing,Jack,Hints,1.,考生必须从根本上掌握英语,八股文,的结构。阅读时，考生必须按照八股文结构，记下这些,viewpoints,和,supporting points,的,details.,2.,听力时，考生要记下说话者是如何反对这些,Points,的。注意的是说话者的反对顺序不一定按照阅读文章的演进顺序进行。（不同的结构）,如果,points,没有漏掉，接下来的关键就是考生如何表达说话者和阅读内容的关系了。（依靠模板）,有个性的八股文,Contents,Words,Sentence patterns,Text models,表示反驳的词语,differ from,disagree with,cast doubt on,conflict with,challenge,表示同意的词语,Support,，,enhance,uphold,echo,back,justify,substantiate,advance,总结听力材料,The speaker talks about,The lecture discusses/is mainly discussing,The professor made the point that,引出要点,First/second/third,First/then/another point is that,Or express the key point directly in a topic sentence.,引出例子,For example(instance)/one example is/such as/that is,增加例子,Next/Furthermore/another example is/in addition,对比观点,However/In contrast/on the contrary/on the other hand/but,对材料的指称：,The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture,The writer/narrator/reading material/writing,开头句,The lecture discusseswhich differs from the main idea in the reading that,The professor made the point that.The reading does not discuss this point.,Another important point is that,but the reading does not discuss the point.,Finally,the Professor stated that.,In general,the Professor discusses problems ofthat the reading does not include.,开头句,According to the lecture,.On the other hand/while the reading stated that,The professor made the point that.On the contrary/however/in contrast,the writer demonstrated an idea that,The lecture supports/illustrates the idea that,The lecture contradicts/refutes/is in contrary to/is the opposite of the idea that,总体写作模式,:Page 110,Introduction Summary of the speakers position,Relationship of the lecture to the reading,Paragraph 1 First key point from the lecture,Examples from the lecture Explanation or connection to the reading,Paragraph 2 Second key point from the lecture,Examples from the lecture Explanation or connection to the reading,Paragraph 3 Third key point from the lecture,Examples from the lecture Explanation or connection to the reading,Concluding part,模式分类,“点对点”结构,“面对面”结构,“点对点”的结构,“点对点”的结构指的是把综合写作中的阅读材料和听力材料的每一个对应点都单独提炼出来用一个段落加以阐述。,这种结构的优点是可以把阅读文章和听力材料的对应关系更细致地进行说明，使文章层次感强，同时反映出考生提炼信息和对比信息的能力更高。,ETS,满分作文：,Introduction-Relationship between reading and lecture,The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group to handle their work.He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality.,Main idea of lecture,The lecture talks,about/discusses/makes the,Point/states,Main idea of the passage,Which differs with the main,idea in the reading/passage,That,Connective,First Point of Contrast First,Some members got free rides.That is,some didnt work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless.This also indicates that people who hard were not given recognition they should have gotten.In other words,werent given the opportunity to“shine”.This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.,First point in lecture,Firstly,the lecturer thanks,That,According to the lecture,The professor points out that,In contrast,The reading passage,believes that+1,到,2,个事实,Second Point of Contrast,Second,groups were slow in progress.The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and aggregated resources.However,the speaker talks about how the firm found that groups were slower than individuals in decision making.Groups needed time for meetings,which are necessary procedures in decision making.This is another place where experience contradicted theory.,Third Point of Contrast,Third,influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem.But in cases where they go in the wrong direction,there is nobody that has influence to counter the decision made.In other words,the group might turn dictatorship,with the influential party as the leader,and might become less in its thinking.They might become one-sided,and thus fail to succeed.,“面对面”的结构,“点对点”的结构指是最理想的结构安排模式，但有时候考生并不能准确地寻找到阅读和听力材料之间的对应点。这有可能是因为阅读和听力材料之间的对应点本身就不是很明显，或者由于考生自身的能力问题，没有完全听懂或看懂，则要写成“点对点”的结构安排模式，难度会比较大。,它与“点对点”的结构安排模式的区别在于，“面对面”作文的结构并不是逐条阐述对应点，而是在总得阐明听力和阅读文章之间的关系后，分别总结听力材料或阅读材料的要点，从“面”上阐述听力和阅读材料之间的联系。,Introduction-Relationship between reading and lecture,The lecturer talks about the natural process of crystallization and how the speed of cooling can influence such process,which is proved by Bowens crystallization experiment explained in the reading passage.,Points in the lecture,Natural crystallization happens when magma,which is extremely hot in its molten form deep in the earth,gradually cools off when it moves towards the surface of the earth.During the cooling process,the energy from heat is lost,and the atoms which compose the magma begin to move more slowly,forming into an orderly pattern,which
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