减少谓语动词的表达

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2013/4/10,#,减少谓语动词的表达,汉译英,汉译英遇到最多的是动词的处理。汉语是动词集结型的语言，它的连动结构和兼语结构，使汉语一句里可以集结许多动词而不感到累赘，反而层次清楚，生动有力，如：,晴雯先,接,出来，,笑,道：好啊，,叫,我,研,了墨，,早,起高兴，只,写,了三个字，,扔,下笔就,走,，,哄,我,等,了这一天，快来,给,我,写,完了这些墨才算呢！,红楼梦,汉语连续铺设动词性词组，尽管各动词之间有主次先后之分，但由于形态上没有任何语意标记加以显示，它们之间内在的逻辑关系只能靠意会。而这种结构英语是不行的。在英语句子里，一般只能有一个或两三个并列的谓语动词，其他动作都用非谓语形式或各类短语等表示。所以在翻译中，不要盲目跟着汉语动词走。,这里宝玉,昏昏默默,，之间蒋玉菡走了进来，,诉说,忠顺府,拿,他之事；又见金钏儿进来,哭说,为他投井之情。,Dozing off,he dreamed that Qiguan had come in,to tell of his capture,by Prince Zhongshuns men,followed,shortly after,by Golden,who gave him,a tearful account of,how she had drowned herself(who explained,in tear,why she had thrown herself into the well).,“做梦”是主要的，后面几个动作是梦的内容，而“昏昏默默”是做梦的前提。因此除了用谓语动词，其他都处理为非谓语形式：,昏昏默默,dozing off,（分词结构）,诉说,to tell of,（不定式）,拿他,his capture,（抽象名词）,哭说,explain in tear/a tearful account of,（介词,/,形容词,/,抽象名词）,一切企事业单位都要,厉行,节约，,反对,浪费，,严禁讲,排场、,比,阔气、,挥霍,公款。,All enterprises and institutions should,practise,strict economy,combat,waste and,forbid,such activities as,encouraging ostentation,parading wealth,or squandering public funds,.,这里六个动词，不能都处理为并列关系。后三个,“,讲,”,、,“,比,”,、,“,挥霍,”,是隶属“严禁”的，这里用了动名词结构。,要,采取,更加强有力的措施，,加大打击,犯罪活动的力度，使社会治安状况,得到改善,。,The measures must be strengthened against criminal activities to improve public security.,“,加大打击力度,”,是主要信息；“得到改善”是目的；“采取措施”是方法。分别通过谓语动词、介词和不定式翻译出来。,对当代世界的新变化和各种思潮，要注意,研究,、科学,分析,、正确,认识,。,To have a better understanding,of new situations and ideas in todays world requires,a careful study,and,scientific analysis,of them.,正确认识,to have a better understanding,（不定式）,注意研究,careful study,（抽象名词）,科学分析,scientific analysis,（抽象名词）,我们可以看到，汉语篇章中的大量动词，英语除用一个谓语动词，其余可以用介词、分词、不定式、抽象名词等来表达。,用抽象名词,相比较汉语，英语表达要抽象得多。因此汉语当中的一些具体的动词表达特别是主谓结构，在英译时可转化为英语抽象名词结构，这样不仅省去了众多的动词，而且往往使英语的味道更浓。,起初，外国列强的要求里面有一项是让慈禧,退位,，由光绪皇帝重新,执掌,朝政。不过，在于李鸿章,多次会晤,后，他们放弃了这一要求。,At first the foreign powers demanded,among other things,the,deposal,of Cixi and,the restoration,to Emperor Guangxu of his right to rule the imperial government.However,they gave up the demand after,repeated talks,with Li Hongzhang,the Chinese negotiator.,连着几个动词结构，但用,demanded,后,与之搭配的就可以用抽象名词结构，行文简洁了。,这部短小精悍的书一问世立即,受到人们，特别是大学生的青睐,，并多次再版。无须解释人们为什么这么喜爱这本书，因为只要稍加,浏览,，就可以看到书里收集的格言反映了文明社会中对于友谊的看法。,This short work enjoyed an immediate,acceptance,especially among college students,and was reprinted many times.Its,popularity,needs no explanation,for a brief perusal,of the quotations shows that they embody the notions of civilized friendship.,句子中的“受到青睐”、,”,喜爱这本书,”,，“稍加浏览”这些动词，译文都分别译成,enjoyed an immediate acceptance,its popularity,a brief perusal of,这些抽象名词的运用不仅达意，而且英语地道简洁，令人叫绝。,这些格言强调无私，劝导人们要在物质和精神两方面去,关心,朋友。,The maxims,stress selflessness and concern,for the material and spiritual welfare of the friends.,“,强调无私,”,和“劝导人们关心”，两个动谓结构，三个动词。如把“劝导”省去，把“关心”变为它的派生名词，这样就可和原来的,stress,搭配了。,上海就变成了外国人在中国,进行冒险，寻求浪漫生活,的地方。,Shanghai became a place for foreigners to,seek adventure and romance,in China.,“,进行冒险，追求浪漫生活,”,两个动词结构。如把“进行冒险”的动词,venture,转为其派生名词,adventure,再与“寻求浪漫生活”中的,seek,搭配，就少了一个动词，多了一个抽象名词。,中国政府,承诺,不对无核国家,使用,核武器。,The Chinese government undertakes,non-use,of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries.,过去实行“闭关自守”政策，结果搞得“民穷财困”。,The pursuit,of the police of self-seclusion resulted in,the destitution,of its people and,exhaustion,of its financial resources.,我们中国人,崇尚教育，爱好学习,。,The Chinese,show a high respect for learning and a love,of knowledge.,“,崇尚,”,、“爱好”，连用两个动词。但我们知道“崇尚”、“爱好”的动词派生名词是,respect for,和,love for,，这样只要加上和它们都能搭配的动词，成为,show a respect for and love of,就可以了。,在经济发展中，我们要控制人口，节约资源，保护环境，并把它们放到重要位置上。,Great importance must be attached to,population control,the conservation of resources and environmental protection,in economic growth.,我可不愿让人家说我从来不教自己的孩子要尊敬长辈。,I will not have it said that I could never,teach my children respect for,their elders.,我们一直认为海峡两岸不同的社会制度不应,妨碍我们相互往来和相互合作,。,We always believe that the social systems of two sides of the Straits shall not be an,obstacle,to our contact and cooperation.,她脸色苍白，眼圈发黑，看得出她一夜没睡好。,She was pale,and there was,dark sign,s of sleeplessness beneath her eyes.,我一见了妹妹，一心都在她身上，又是欢喜，又是伤心，竟忘记了老祖宗。,红楼梦,I was so carried away by,the mixture of joy and sorrow at sight of my little cousin,.I forgot our Old Ancestress.,五个动作，五个动词，而译文只用两个，其余是名词。,现在中国许多作家只关心如何捞钱争名，他们不讲原则，甚至不知廉耻，是在作家脸上抹黑。,In China many writers are now only concerned with money and publicity.They have no,principles nor scruples and are a disgrace to the profession.,转用表示身份的名词,由动词派生而来表示职业身份的名词在英语中常用来表示相应的行为和动作。,我,认识,李先生已经有二十多年了。,Mr.Li has been a,friend,of mine for more than 20 years.,这就给几十万在高峰期时间,乘车上下班的人,带来了很大的不便。,Thus hundreds of thousands of rush hour,commuters,are greatly affected.,乘车上下班的人，两个动作只用一个名词译出。汉语中如人之前有一个表示动作的定语修饰，英译时往往可以用一个表示身份的名词译出。,反对三峡工程的人,说新形式的水库会淹没许多的城镇和乡村。,Opponents,to the Three Gorges Dam argue that the new reservoir will flood many cities and villages.,这些照片使我,想起了,童年的时光。,These photos served as,a reminder,of my childhood days.,摩天大楼还极大地,消耗和浪费,电力。,The skyscrapers are also lavish,consumers,and wasters,of electric power.,你,刚来,，对这项工作还不熟悉。,You ar